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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Lipunan

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa lipunan, tulad ng "nobility", "civic", "ethnic", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit sa TOEFL.

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Flashcards

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Pagsusulit

Simulan ang pag-aaral
Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
sociology
[Pangngalan]

the study of human society, social relationships, institutions, and patterns of social behavior

sosyolohiya

sosyolohiya

Ex: She studied sociology at university. 
anthropology
anthropology
[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropolohiya

antropolohiya

Ex: Sarah decided to major in anthropology to study the diverse cultures and societies around the world. 

Nagpasya si Sarah na mag-major sa antropolohiya upang pag-aralan ang iba't ibang kultura at lipunan sa buong mundo.

stratum
stratum
[Pangngalan]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

antas, sapin

antas, sapin

Ex: The study focused on the middle-income stratum of society. 

Ang pag-aaral ay nakatuon sa panggitnang kita na stratum ng lipunan.

upper class
upper class
[Pangngalan]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

mataas na uri, elit

mataas na uri, elit

Ex: Members of the upper class attended exclusive schools. 

Ang mga miyembro ng mataas na uri ay dumalo sa mga eksklusibong paaralan.

middle class
middle class
[Pangngalan]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

gitnang uri, burgesya

gitnang uri, burgesya

Ex: Many middle-class families own their homes. 

Maraming pamilyang gitnang uri ang may-ari ng kanilang mga tahanan.

lower class
lower class
[Pangngalan]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

mababang uri, mas mababang antas

mababang uri, mas mababang antas

Ex: Many families in the lower class face financial difficulties. 

Maraming pamilya sa mas mababang uri ang nahaharap sa mga kahirapang pinansyal.

old money
old money
[Pangngalan]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

lumang pera, perang minana

lumang pera, perang minana

nobility
nobility
[Pangngalan]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

maharlika, aristokrasya

maharlika, aristokrasya

Ex: The king granted lands and titles to the nobility in recognition of their loyalty. 

Ipinagkaloob ng hari ang mga lupa at titulo sa maharlika bilang pagkilala sa kanilang katapatan.

bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
[Pangngalan]

the society's middle class

burgesya

burgesya

Ex: The bourgeoisie in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. 

Ang bourgeoisie noong ika-19 na siglo ay gumampan ng isang makabuluhang papel sa paghubog ng mga istruktura ng ekonomiya at lipunan.

caste
caste
[Pangngalan]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasta, sistema ng kasta

kasta, sistema ng kasta

Ex: The caste system in India historically divided society into hierarchical groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. 

Ang sistemang kasta sa India ay naghati sa lipunan noon sa mga hierarchical group batay sa kapanganakan, trabaho, at katayuan sa lipunan.

supremacist
supremacist
[Pangngalan]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

supremacista, mangibabaw

supremacista, mangibabaw

Ex: Authorities arrested a supremacist who was spreading hate speech online. 

Inaresto ng mga awtoridad ang isang supremacist na nagkakalat ng hate speech online.

overlord
overlord
[Pangngalan]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

kataas-taasang panginoon, pinuno

kataas-taasang panginoon, pinuno

Ex: The medieval lord acted as an overlord over the neighboring villages. 

Ang panginoong medyebal ay kumilos bilang isang kataas-taasang panginoon sa mga kalapit na nayon.

subordinate
subordinate
[Pangngalan]

a person who holds a lower position and is under the authority of someone else in an organization

subordinate,  nasasakupan

subordinate, nasasakupan

Ex: The manager discussed the new schedule with her subordinates. 
multiculturalism
multiculturalism
[Pangngalan]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

multikulturalismo

multikulturalismo

Ex: Multiculturalism celebrates the richness of cultural diversity and recognizes the contributions of different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups to society. 

Ang multikulturalismo ay nagdiriwang ng yaman ng pagkakaiba-iba ng kultura at kinikilala ang mga kontribusyon ng iba't ibang pangkat etniko, relihiyoso, at lingguwistiko sa lipunan.

civic
civic
[pang-uri]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

sibiko, munisipyo

sibiko, munisipyo

Ex: Civic engagement involves actively participating in community activities or political affairs to promote social justice and change. 
demographic
demographic
[Pangngalan]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demograpiko, mga katangiang demograpiko

demograpiko, mga katangiang demograpiko

Ex: The new marketing strategy aims to target a younger demographic. 

Ang bagong estratehiya sa marketing ay naglalayong i-target ang isang mas batang demograpiko.

social contract
social contract
[Pangngalan]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

kontratang panlipunan, kasunduang panlipunan

kontratang panlipunan, kasunduang panlipunan

collective
collective
[pang-uri]

done, shared, or involving all members of a group acting together

kolektibo,  sama-sama

kolektibo, sama-sama

Ex: The team made a collective decision to change its schedule. 
microaggression
microaggression
[Pangngalan]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

mikroagresyon, mikro-agresyon

mikroagresyon, mikro-agresyon

ethnic
ethnic
[pang-uri]

relating to a group of people who share a common culture, history, language, traditions, or ancestry

etniko,  lahi

etniko, lahi

Ex: The city is home to many different ethnic groups. 
Caucasian
Caucasian
[pang-uri]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

Caucasian,  puti

Caucasian, puti

Ex: The study included participants of various Caucasian backgrounds to ensure diversity. 

Ang pag-aaral ay kinabibilangan ng mga kalahok mula sa iba't ibang Caucasian na pinagmulan upang matiyak ang pagkakaiba-iba.

gender binary
gender binary
[Pangngalan]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

binaryo ng kasarian, sistemang binaryo ng kasarian

binaryo ng kasarian, sistemang binaryo ng kasarian

masculinity
masculinity
[Pangngalan]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

pagkalalaki

pagkalalaki

femininity
femininity
[Pangngalan]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

pagkababae, katangiang pambabae

pagkababae, katangiang pambabae

gender identity
gender identity
[Pangngalan]

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender

pagkakakilanlang pangkasarian, pagkakakilanlang sekswal

pagkakakilanlang pangkasarian, pagkakakilanlang sekswal

Ex: She is confident in her gender identity. 

May tiwala siya sa kanyang pagkakakilanlan ng kasarian.

homosexual
homosexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homosekswal

homosekswal

Ex: The homosexual couple held hands as they walked through the park, openly expressing their love for each other. 
heterosexual
heterosexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heterosekswal, straight

heterosekswal, straight

Ex: She identified as heterosexual and was attracted to men. 

Kinilala niya ang kanyang sarili bilang heterosexual at naaakit sa mga lalaki.

bisexual
bisexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

bisekswal

bisekswal

Ex: Sarah's friend proudly identifies as bisexual, finding beauty in a diverse range of genders. 

Ang kaibigan ni Sarah ay may pagmamalaking kinikilala ang sarili bilang bisexual, na nakakahanap ng kagandahan sa iba't ibang uri ng kasarian.

non-binary
non-binary
[pang-uri]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

hindi dalawahan

hindi dalawahan

Ex: The non-binary person prefers to use they/them pronouns and does not conform to traditional gender norms. 

Ang taong non-binary ay mas gustong gumamit ng mga panghalip na sila/sila at hindi sumusunod sa tradisyonal na mga pamantayan ng kasarian.

asexual
asexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

asexwal

asexwal

Ex: The asexual person values emotional connections and platonic relationships over romantic or sexual ones. 
cisgender
cisgender
[pang-uri]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgender, tugmang kasarian

cisgender, tugmang kasarian

Ex: She is cisgender, identifying as the female she was assigned at birth. 

Siya ay cisgender, kinikilala ang kanyang sarili bilang babaeng itinalaga sa kanya noong ipinanganak.

transvestite
transvestite
[Pangngalan]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transvestite, taong nag-eenjoy magsuot ng damit ng kabaligtaran na kasarian

transvestite, taong nag-eenjoy magsuot ng damit ng kabaligtaran na kasarian

transgender
transgender
[pang-uri]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgender, transsekswal

transgender, transsekswal

Ex: The transgender woman bravely shared her journey of self-discovery and transition with her friends and family. 

Ang babaeng transgender ay matapang na ibinahagi ang kanyang paglalakbay ng pagtuklas sa sarili at pagbabago sa kanyang mga kaibigan at pamilya.

transsexual
transsexual
[pang-uri]

relating to a transgender person, especially one who has undergone medical treatment to alter physical sex characteristics

transekswal,  trans

transekswal, trans

Ex: The archive contains several early studies of transsexual patients. 
gender-fluid
gender-fluid
[pang-uri]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

gender-fluid, likas na kasarian na nagbabago

gender-fluid, likas na kasarian na nagbabago

peer
peer
[Pangngalan]

a person who is the same age, has the same social status, or has similar abilities or qualifications as another person

kapantay, kasamahan

kapantay, kasamahan

Ex: Emma is highly respected by her professional peers. 
LGBTQ
LGBTQ
[pang-uri]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, lesbyana

LGBTQ, lesbyana

Ex: The LGBTQ community advocates for the rights and acceptance of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. 

Ang komunidad ng LGBTQ ay nagtataguyod para sa mga karapatan at pagtanggap ng mga indibidwal na nagpapakilala bilang lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, o nagtatanong.

intersex
intersex
[Pangngalan]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

intersex, hermafroditismo

intersex, hermafroditismo

pansexual
pansexual
[pang-uri]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

pansexual, pansexual

pansexual, pansexual

Ex: The pansexual person is attracted to individuals based on personal connection rather than gender. 

Ang taong pansexual ay naaakit sa mga indibidwal batay sa personal na koneksyon kaysa sa kasarian.

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