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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Society

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa lipunan, tulad ng "nobility", "civic", "ethnic", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit sa TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
sociology
[Pangngalan]

the scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior

sosyolohiya, agham na pag-aaral ng lipunan ng tao

sosyolohiya, agham na pag-aaral ng lipunan ng tao

Ex: The study of sociology can help one understand why some social issues persist over time .Ang pag-aaral ng **sosyolohiya** ay maaaring makatulong na maunawaan kung bakit ang ilang mga isyung panlipunan ay patuloy na umiiral sa paglipas ng panahon.
anthropology
[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures

antropolohiya

antropolohiya

Ex: Biological anthropology explores human evolution , genetics , and physical adaptations through the study of fossils , primates , and modern human populations .Ang biyolohikal na **antropolohiya** ay nag-explore sa ebolusyon ng tao, genetika, at pisikal na mga adaptasyon sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral ng mga fossil, primate, at modernong populasyon ng tao.
stratum
[Pangngalan]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

antas, sapin

antas, sapin

Ex: The political party gained support from the working-class stratum.Ang partidong pampulitika ay nakakuha ng suporta mula sa **antas** ng manggagawa.
upper class
[Pangngalan]

a social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy

mataas na uri, elit

mataas na uri, elit

middle class
[Pangngalan]

the social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people

gitnang uri, burgesya

gitnang uri, burgesya

lower class
[Pangngalan]

the social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money

mababang uri, mas mababang antas

mababang uri, mas mababang antas

old money
[Pangngalan]

wealth that has been inherited and not earned

lumang pera, perang minana

lumang pera, perang minana

nobility
[Pangngalan]

the class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles

maharlika, aristokrasya

maharlika, aristokrasya

Ex: The opulent ball was attended by the nobility, showcasing their wealth and status .Ang marangyang ball ay dinaluhan ng **maharlika**, na ipinapakita ang kanilang kayamanan at katayuan.
bourgeoisie
[Pangngalan]

the society's middle class

burgesya

burgesya

Ex: The revolutionaries aimed to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a more equitable society .Layunin ng mga rebolusyonaryo na ibagsak ang **bourgeoisie** at magtatag ng isang mas pantay na lipunan.
caste
[Pangngalan]

a form of social classification in Hinduism, characterized by social status and relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution

kasta, sistema ng kasta

kasta, sistema ng kasta

supremacist
[Pangngalan]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

supremacista, mangibabaw

supremacista, mangibabaw

Ex: The supremacist's rhetoric fueled division and conflict in the community .Ang retorika ng **supremacist** ay nagpasiklab ng pagkakahati at hidwaan sa komunidad.
overlord
[Pangngalan]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

kataas-taasang panginoon, pinuno

kataas-taasang panginoon, pinuno

Ex: During the empire , the emperor was considered the ultimate overlord.Noong imperyo, ang emperador ay itinuturing na panghuling **kataas-taasang panginoon**.
subordinate
[Pangngalan]

someone with an inferior position than another person within an organization

subordinate,  mababa

subordinate, mababa

multiculturalism
[Pangngalan]

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

multikulturalismo

multikulturalismo

Ex: Multiculturalism is an ongoing process that requires active engagement and dialogue among individuals and communities to build a more inclusive and harmonious society .Ang **multikulturalismo** ay isang patuloy na proseso na nangangailangan ng aktibong pakikilahok at diyalogo sa pagitan ng mga indibidwal at komunidad upang bumuo ng isang mas inklusibo at maayos na lipunan.
civic
[pang-uri]

relating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area

sibiko, munisipyo

sibiko, munisipyo

Ex: Civic duty calls upon individuals to contribute positively to society by respecting laws, promoting tolerance, and supporting the common good.Ang **tungkulin ng mamamayan** ay tumatawag sa mga indibidwal na mag-ambag nang positibo sa lipunan sa pamamagitan ng paggalang sa mga batas, pagtataguyod ng pagpapaubaya, at pagsuporta sa kabutihang panlahat.
demographic
[Pangngalan]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demograpiko, mga katangiang demograpiko

demograpiko, mga katangiang demograpiko

Ex: Companies often tailor their products to appeal to a specific demographic.Ang mga kumpanya ay madalas na nag-aangkop ng kanilang mga produkto upang makaakit ng isang tiyak na **demograpiko**.
social contract
[Pangngalan]

an implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society

kontratang panlipunan, kasunduang panlipunan

kontratang panlipunan, kasunduang panlipunan

collective
[pang-uri]

involving, done, or shared by all members of a group

kolektibo, pangkomunidad

kolektibo, pangkomunidad

Ex: The board issued a collective statement in support of the new policy changes .Ang lupon ay naglabas ng isang **kolektibong** pahayag bilang suporta sa mga bagong pagbabago sa patakaran.
microaggression
[Pangngalan]

any remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society

mikroagresyon, mikro-agresyon

mikroagresyon, mikro-agresyon

ethnic
[pang-uri]

relating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.

etniko

etniko

Ex: Ethnic music and dance performances entertain audiences with their rhythmic beats and expressive movements.Ang mga pagtatanghal ng **etniko** na musika at sayaw ay nag-e-entertain sa mga manonood sa kanilang makahulugang mga kilos at ritmikong tunog.
Caucasian
[pang-uri]

referring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin

Caucasian,  puti

Caucasian, puti

Ex: The Caucasian artist 's work often explores themes related to European culture and heritage .Ang trabaho ng **Caucasian** na artista ay madalas na nag-explora ng mga temang may kaugnayan sa kultura at pamana ng Europa.
gender binary
[Pangngalan]

a method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female

binaryo ng kasarian, sistemang binaryo ng kasarian

binaryo ng kasarian, sistemang binaryo ng kasarian

masculinity
[Pangngalan]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men

pagkalalaki

pagkalalaki

femininity
[Pangngalan]

the qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women

pagkababae, katangiang pambabae

pagkababae, katangiang pambabae

gender identity
[Pangngalan]

a person's perception of their own gender, which may differ from the gender they were identified with at birth

pagkakakilanlan ng kasarian

pagkakakilanlan ng kasarian

homosexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender

homosekswal

homosekswal

Ex: David stands in solidarity with the homosexual community , advocating for their right to live authentically and without fear of discrimination .Nakikiisa si David sa komunidad ng mga **homosekswal**, na nagtataguyod ng kanilang karapatan na mabuhay nang totoo at walang takot sa diskriminasyon.
heterosexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender

heterosekswal, straight

heterosekswal, straight

Ex: Their heterosexual relationship was widely recognized in their community .Ang kanilang **heterosekswal** na relasyon ay malawak na kinikilala sa kanilang komunidad.
bisexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

bisekswal

bisekswal

Ex: Jack learns about bisexuality through conversations with his bisexual sibling , deepening his understanding of diverse sexual orientations .Natutunan ni Jack ang tungkol sa **bisexuality** sa pamamagitan ng mga pag-uusap sa kanyang bisexual na kapatid, na nagpapalalim sa kanyang pag-unawa sa iba't ibang sexual orientations.
non-binary
[pang-uri]

related to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female

hindi dalawahan

hindi dalawahan

Ex: David appreciated the honesty and authenticity of the non-binary community , which challenged societal norms and promoted acceptance of diverse gender identities .Pinahahalagahan ni David ang katapatan at pagiging tunay ng komunidad na **non-binary**, na humamon sa mga pamantayang panlipunan at nagtaguyod ng pagtanggap sa iba't ibang pagkakakilanlan ng kasarian.
asexual
[pang-uri]

(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction

asexwal

asexwal

Ex: David stands in solidarity with the asexual community , advocating for greater awareness and acceptance of their identities and experiences .Nakikipagkaisa si David sa komunidad ng **asexual**, na nagtataguyod para sa mas malawak na kamalayan at pagtanggap sa kanilang mga pagkakakilanlan at karanasan.
cisgender
[pang-uri]

related to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex

cisgender, tugmang kasarian

cisgender, tugmang kasarian

transvestite
[Pangngalan]

someone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex

transvestite, taong nag-eenjoy magsuot ng damit ng kabaligtaran na kasarian

transvestite, taong nag-eenjoy magsuot ng damit ng kabaligtaran na kasarian

transgender
[pang-uri]

describing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex

transgender, transsekswal

transgender, transsekswal

Ex: Mary respected her transgender neighbor's chosen name and pronouns, creating a welcoming and inclusive environment in their community.Iginagalang ni Mary ang napiling pangalan at mga panghalip ng kanyang kapitbahay na **transgender**, na lumilikha ng isang nakakaakit at inklusibong kapaligiran sa kanilang komunidad.
transsexual
[pang-uri]

describing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity

transsexual, transgender

transsexual, transgender

gender-fluid
[pang-uri]

relating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time

gender-fluid, likas na kasarian na nagbabago

gender-fluid, likas na kasarian na nagbabago

peer
[Pangngalan]

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

kasing-edad, kapantay

kasing-edad, kapantay

Ex: Despite being new to the company , she quickly established herself as a peer to her colleagues through hard work and expertise .
LGBTQ
[pang-uri]

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning

LGBTQ, lesbyana

LGBTQ, lesbyana

Ex: Education about LGBTQ issues in schools fosters a more inclusive environment and helps combat bullying and prejudice.Ang edukasyon tungkol sa mga isyu ng **LGBTQ** sa mga paaralan ay nagtataguyod ng isang mas inklusibong kapaligiran at tumutulong sa paglaban sa bullying at prejudice.
intersex
[Pangngalan]

the state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders

intersex, hermafroditismo

intersex, hermafroditismo

pansexual
[pang-uri]

related to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

pansexual, pansexual

pansexual, pansexual

Ex: Despite facing stigma and misunderstanding , the pansexual individual embraces their identity with pride and confidence , finding fulfillment in their ability to love people of all genders .Sa kabila ng pagharap sa stigma at hindi pagkakaunawaan, ang **pansexual** na indibidwal ay yakapin ang kanilang pagkakakilanlan nang may pagmamataas at kumpiyansa, na nakakahanap ng kasiyahan sa kanilang kakayahang magmahal ng mga tao sa lahat ng kasarian.
Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL
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