Językoznawstwo - Pragmatyka i analiza dyskursu

the surrounding linguistic elements that contribute to the interpretation and meaning of a specific expression or utterance

kontekst językowy

the phenomenon in language where the interpretation of certain words or expressions depends on the context of the speaker, listener, and the surrounding situation

deixis

a type of deixis that involves the use of pronouns and verb forms to refer to the participants in a conversation

osoba deixis

a type of deixis that involves the use of language to refer to spatial locations, such as indicating the direction, distance, or proximity of objects or places in relation to the speaker or the context of the conversation

deixis przestrzenny

a type of deixis that involves the use of language to refer to specific points in time, such as indicating the past, present, or future, or expressing temporal relations and sequencing of events

czasowe deixis

the representation of someone's words using quotation marks, presenting their exact utterances as they were spoken or written

mowa bezpośrednia

the representation of someone's words by reporting or paraphrasing their statements without using direct quotation marks

mowa zależna

an utterance or expression that not only conveys meaning but also performs a particular function or action in communication, such as making a request, giving an order, or making a promise

akt mowy

the act of referring to or indicating something or someone in language, where words or expressions are used to point to or denote specific entities, objects, or concepts

odniesienie

a communicative behavior or action that poses a risk to someone's positive face, their desired self-image or social identity, potentially leading to face loss or face-threatening situations.

czyn grożący twarzą

a communicative behavior or action that helps to protect or restore someone's positive face, their desired self-image or social identity, in order to avoid or mitigate face loss or face-threatening situations

akt oszczędzający twarz

a word or phrase, often an idiomatic one

wyrażenie

a speech style characterized by simplified language, exaggerated prosody, repetition, and high pitch, commonly used by caregivers when interacting with infants and young children

przemówienie opiekuna

the natural flow of spoken language where words and sounds are connected together, often resulting in changes in pronunciation, elision of sounds, and modifications in speech patterns

połączone przemówienie

a linguistic element or phrase used in speech or writing to indicate the structure, organization, or relationship between different parts of a discourse, often serving to facilitate communication and signal the speaker's intentions or attitudes

znacznik dyskursu

the cognitive and linguistic process of shaping and presenting information in a particular way to influence how people perceive and interpret it

ramy

a conversation or exchange of ideas between two or more individuals, typically characterized by turn-taking, interactive communication, and mutual understanding

dialog

the use of language in a larger context, including conversations, written texts, and social interactions, where meaning is constructed and communicated through the organization and flow of language

rozprawa

the interconnectedness and referencing of texts, where one text refers to or influences another, creating layers of meaning and a complex web of relationships between texts

intertekstualność

anything that is in written form

tekst

language, words, or expressions that convey a negative or derogatory connotation and are intended to belittle, criticize, or insult someone or something

pejoratyw

the process by which participants in a conversation alternate speaking and listening, following certain rules and cues to facilitate smooth and coherent communication

branie na zmianę

a linguistic device used to express uncertainty or vagueness, often through words or phrases that indicate a lack of commitment or certainty in one's statement

żywopłot

the meaning that is inferred or implied by a speaker in a conversation, beyond the literal or explicit meaning of the words used, relying on context and shared knowledge between the participants

implikatura

the overall sense of unity, logic, and connectedness in a text or discourse, where the ideas, information, and elements are organized and presented in a clear and meaningful way

konsekwencja

the linguistic mechanisms used to create connections and coherence within a text by employing various cohesive devices and techniques

spójność

a specific linguistic element or device that connects different parts of a text, contributing to the overall coherence and unity of the discourse

krawat spójnościowy

the use of an indirect expression to describe something

omówienie

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eufemizm

the deliberate use of ambiguous language or expressions to avoid making a clear or definite statement

dwuznaczność

(linguistics) the prelinguistic practice of expressing a whole idea in a single word

holofraza

a word or phrase that is not formal or literary and is used in everyday conversations

potoczny

the humorous and incorrect use of a word that sounds similar to the intended word

malapropizm

a unit of speech or writing that is complete and coherent, usually consisting of one or more words and conveying a specific meaning or message

wypowiedź

(linguistics) the redundant use of words in a way that might be considered a fault of style, or to create an emphatic effect

pleonazm

(linguistics) the separation of parts of a compound word by insertion of one or more words, often in informal speech

tmesis

a question that is not meant to be answered, but is instead used to make a point or to create emphasis or effect

pytanie retoryczne

a type of interrogative sentence that is asked not to obtain information but rather to make a statement or express an attitude

pokaż pytanie

a type of interrogative sentence that seeks specific information or references a particular entity, object, or concept

pytanie referencyjne

the emphasis or prominence placed on a particular element or information in a sentence or discourse

fokus

a wordplay or joke that relies on the use of multiple languages, often involving the similarity or ambiguity of words or phrases in different languages to create humorous or clever effects

dwujęzyczna gra słów

the verbal and non-verbal cues, such as nodding, "uh-huh," or other short responses, that listeners use to indicate their engagement and understanding during a conversation

tylny kanał

a well-known statement or phrase that expresses a general truth or gives advice

przysłowie

a word or expression that relies on the context of the utterance for its interpretation, particularly in terms of spatial, temporal, or personal reference

deiktyczny