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SAT Natural Sciences - Disease and Pathology

Here you will learn some English words related to diseases and pathology, such as "malignant", "prognosis", "sepsis", etc. that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
benign
benign
[Adjective]

(of an ilness) not fatal or harmful

Ex: She received the news that her condition was benign, bringing relief to her and her family. 
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malignant
malignant
[Adjective]

(of a tumor or disease) uncontrollable and likely to be fatal

Ex: Malignant tumors have the potential to spread to other parts of the body if not treated promptly. 
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latent
latent
[Adjective]

(of a medical condition or infection) present in the body but not currently producing symptoms

Ex: The virus remained latent in the patient's nervous system. 
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chronic
chronic
[Adjective]

(of an illness) difficult to cure and long-lasting

Ex: Mary's chronic asthma requires daily medication to control her symptoms. 
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syndrome
syndrome
[noun]

a group of medical signs that indicate a person is suffering from a particular disease or condition

Ex: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability and distinctive facial features. 
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affliction

a state of pain or suffering due to a physical or mental condition

Ex: His spiritual beliefs helped him find solace in the face of his terminal illness affliction. 
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ailment
ailment
[noun]

an illness, often a minor one

Ex: She visited the doctor to discuss her persistent stomach ailment. 
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prognosis
prognosis
[noun]

a professional opinion regarding the likely course of an illness

Ex: The doctor provided a favorable prognosis for the patient's recovery from pneumonia with prompt treatment. 
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contagion
contagion
[noun]

any disease or virus that can be easily passed from one person to another

Ex: The health department took swift action to contain the contagion and prevent the outbreak from spreading further. 
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epidemic
epidemic
[noun]

the rapid spread of an infectious disease within a specific population, community, or region, affecting a significant number of individuals at the same time

Ex: The epidemic caused a surge in hospital admissions. 
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life-threatening
life-threatening
[Adjective]

posing a significant risk to a person's life

Ex: The patient was rushed to the hospital with a life-threatening injury. 
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asymptomatic
asymptomatic
[Adjective]

(of a disease) not showing any symptoms associated with it

Ex: Regular testing is essential to identify asymptomatic cases and prevent the spread of the virus. 
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inflammation

a physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, painful, and red as a result of an infection or injury

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glaucoma
glaucoma
[noun]

an eye condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye, which can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated

Ex: The optometrist detected early signs of glaucoma during Tom's routine eye examination. 
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sepsis
sepsis
[noun]

a severe, life-threatening response to infection causing widespread inflammation and potential organ failure

Ex: Tim was hospitalized with sepsis after an untreated infection spread throughout his body. 
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fatty liver

a condition where excess fat accumulates in liver cells, often due to factors like alcohol consumption or obesity

Ex: He was diagnosed with fatty liver after a routine check-up revealed elevated liver enzymes. 
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steatosis
steatosis
[noun]

a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells

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allergy
allergy
[noun]

a medical condition in which one's body severely reacts to a specific substance if it is inhaled, touched, or ingested

Ex: Her peanut allergy is so severe that even a small amount can trigger a serious reaction. 
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concussion

a momentary loss of consciousness provoked by a hard blow on the head

Ex: The patient presented with symptoms of a concussion, including dizziness, confusion, and sensitivity to light, after a car accident. 
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autism
autism
[noun]

a disorder that begins in early childhood, causing behavioral, social, and communication challenges

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hypertension

a condition that arises when one is experiencing a chronic elevation of blood pressure

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cardiovascular disease

a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke

Ex: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. 
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tuberculosis

a potentially severe bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs and causes swellings to appear on them or other parts of the body

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cystic fibrosis

a genetic disorder causing the production of thick and sticky mucus, affecting the respiratory and digestive systems and leading to various complications

Ex: Support from healthcare teams is essential for individuals with cystic fibrosis. 
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yellow fever

a tropical viral disease, characterized by fever, muscle pain, etc. which consequently leads to jaundice and potential death, transmitted by infected mosquitoes

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virulent
virulent
[Adjective]

(of a disease) able to make one sick

Ex: The outbreak was caused by a virulent strain of the flu virus. 
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insomnia
insomnia
[noun]

a disorder in which one is unable to sleep or stay asleep

Ex: After several weeks of stress at work, she began to suffer from insomnia, making it difficult to concentrate during the day. 
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obesity
obesity
[noun]

the condition of having such a high amount of body fat that it becomes very dangerous for one's health

Ex: Obesity rates have been steadily rising worldwide, becoming a major public health concern in many countries. 
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trauma
trauma
[noun]

a medical condition of the mind caused by extreme shock, which could last for a very long time

Ex: She sought therapy to help her cope with the emotional trauma from the car accident. 
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attention deficit disorder

a neurological condition characterized by difficulty in sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, typically diagnosed in childhood and often persisting into adulthood

Ex: Children with attention deficit disorder may struggle to stay focused in class. 
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dementia
dementia
[noun]

a mental condition that happens when the brain is damaged by disease or injury, causing memory loss and impairing the ability to think or make decisions

Ex: His grandmother was diagnosed with dementia and had trouble remembering simple tasks. 
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mumps
mumps
[noun]

an infectious viral disease characterized by fever and the painful swelling of the neck

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measles
measles
[noun]

a contagious disease that causes high fever and small red spots on the body, common in children

Ex: Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children. 
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narcolepsy

a neurological condition causing sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, often accompanied by muscle weakness or vivid dreams

Ex: Jane's narcolepsy caused her to unexpectedly fall asleep during daily activities, affecting her work. 
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gigantism
gigantism
[noun]

a rare medical condition characterized by excessive growth and height due to an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood and adolescence

Ex: Gigantism is caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland that produces too much growth hormone. 
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restless leg syndrome

a condition causing an irresistible urge to move the legs, often with uncomfortable sensations, usually worse in the evening or at night

Ex: Her restless leg syndrome made it hard to relax and fall asleep. 
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dermatitis

a general term referring to inflammation of the skin, often causing redness, itching, and various skin conditions

Ex: Sunburn can lead to dermatitis, causing redness and discomfort. 
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fester
fester
[noun]

a sore or wound that has become infected and is producing pus, often characterized by inflammation and discomfort

Ex: He ignored the small cut on his finger, which later developed into a painful fester. 
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