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SAT Natural Sciences - Disease and Pathology

Here you will learn some English words related to diseases and pathology, such as "malignant", "prognosis", "sepsis", etc. that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
benign
benign
[Adjective]

(of an ilness) not fatal or harmful

Ex: The veterinarian informed the pet owner that the lump on their dog 's paw was benign and did not require surgery .
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malignant
malignant
[Adjective]

(of a tumor or disease) uncontrollable and likely to be fatal

Ex: The oncologist recommended a combination of chemotherapy and radiation to combat the malignant disease .
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latent
latent
[Adjective]

(of a medical condition or infection) present in the body but not currently producing symptoms

Ex: Doctors monitored the latent infection for signs of activation .
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chronic
chronic
[Adjective]

(of an illness) difficult to cure and long-lasting

Ex: Sarah 's chronic migraine headaches often last for days , despite trying different medications .
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syndrome
syndrome
[noun]

a group of medical signs that indicate a person is suffering from a particular disease or condition

Ex: Asperger 's syndrome, a form of autism spectrum disorder , is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication , as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests .
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affliction

a state of pain or suffering due to a physical or mental condition

Ex: The affliction of migraines made it difficult for her to concentrate and disrupted her daily routine .
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ailment
ailment
[noun]

an illness, often a minor one

Ex: The clinic offers treatment for a wide range of ailments, from allergies to chronic conditions .
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prognosis
prognosis
[noun]

a professional opinion regarding the likely course of an illness

Ex: The veterinarian discussed the prognosis for the cat 's kidney disease , outlining potential treatment options and expected outcomes .
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contagion
contagion
[noun]

any disease or virus that can be easily passed from one person to another

Ex: Despite their efforts , the contagion spread rapidly , leading to a significant increase in hospital admissions .
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epidemic
epidemic
[noun]

the rapid spread of an infectious disease within a specific population, community, or region, affecting a significant number of individuals at the same time

Ex: The epidemic put a strain on the healthcare system .
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life-threatening
life-threatening
[Adjective]

posing a significant risk to a person's life

Ex: A life-threatening allergic reaction requires immediate medical attention .
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asymptomatic
asymptomatic
[Adjective]

(of a disease) not showing any symptoms associated with it

Ex: Despite being asymptomatic, the patient was advised to monitor their health closely for any signs of illness .
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inflammation

a physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, painful, and red as a result of an infection or injury

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glaucoma
glaucoma
[noun]

an eye condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye, which can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated

Ex: Timely intervention through medication or surgery can help slow or prevent further vision loss in glaucoma.
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sepsis
sepsis
[noun]

a severe, life-threatening response to infection causing widespread inflammation and potential organ failure

Ex: Timely diagnosis of the underlying infection is essential for effective sepsis management .
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fatty liver

a condition where excess fat accumulates in liver cells, often due to factors like alcohol consumption or obesity

Ex: Fatty liver can progress to more serious liver conditions if not managed properly .
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steatosis
steatosis
[noun]

a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells

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allergy
allergy
[noun]

a medical condition in which one's body severely reacts to a specific substance if it is inhaled, touched, or ingested

Ex: After coming into contact with the cat , she experienced an allergic reaction due to her pet allergy.
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concussion

a momentary loss of consciousness provoked by a hard blow on the head

Ex: The doctor ordered a brain scan to assess the severity of the concussion and rule out any potential complications .
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autism
autism
[noun]

a disorder that begins in early childhood, causing behavioral, social, and communication challenges

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hypertension

a condition that arises when one is experiencing a chronic elevation of blood pressure

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cardiovascular disease

a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke

Ex: Public health campaigns aim to raise awareness about the risks factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
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tuberculosis

a potentially severe bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs and causes swellings to appear on them or other parts of the body

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cystic fibrosis

a genetic disorder causing the production of thick and sticky mucus, affecting the respiratory and digestive systems and leading to various complications

Ex: Individuals with cystic fibrosis often experience chronic lung infections due to the difficulty in clearing mucus from the airways .
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yellow fever

a tropical viral disease, characterized by fever, muscle pain, etc. which consequently leads to jaundice and potential death, transmitted by infected mosquitoes

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virulent
virulent
[Adjective]

(of a disease) able to make one sick

Ex: The virulent bacteria spread quickly through the population, causing widespread illness.
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insomnia
insomnia
[noun]

a disorder in which one is unable to sleep or stay asleep

Ex: Despite feeling exhausted , his insomnia made it impossible for him to get a good night 's rest .
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obesity
obesity
[noun]

the condition of having such a high amount of body fat that it becomes very dangerous for one's health

Ex: Addressing obesity requires a multifaceted approach that includes promoting healthy eating habits , regular physical activity , and community-wide initiatives .
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trauma
trauma
[noun]

a medical condition of the mind caused by extreme shock, which could last for a very long time

Ex: Witnessing a natural disaster can leave survivors with lasting trauma and fear .
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attention deficit disorder

a neurological condition characterized by difficulty in sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, typically diagnosed in childhood and often persisting into adulthood

Ex: Strategies such as creating structured routines can help individuals with ADD manage daily activities more effectively.
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dementia
dementia
[noun]

a mental condition that happens when the brain is damaged by disease or injury, causing memory loss and impairing the ability to think or make decisions

Ex: Alzheimer 's disease is a common form of dementia.
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mumps
mumps
[noun]

an infectious viral disease characterized by fever and the painful swelling of the neck

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measles
measles
[noun]

a contagious disease that causes high fever and small red spots on the body, common in children

Ex: Complications of measles can include pneumonia , encephalitis ( brain inflammation ) , and in severe cases , death .
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narcolepsy

a neurological condition causing sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, often accompanied by muscle weakness or vivid dreams

Ex: Narcolepsy is often diagnosed through a combination of medical history, sleep studies, and neurological examinations.
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gigantism
gigantism
[noun]

a rare medical condition characterized by excessive growth and height due to an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood and adolescence

Ex: Early detection and management of gigantism are crucial to prevent irreversible effects on health .
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restless leg syndrome

a condition causing an irresistible urge to move the legs, often with uncomfortable sensations, usually worse in the evening or at night

Ex: People with restless leg syndrome sometimes feel tingling or crawling sensations in their legs .
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dermatitis

a general term referring to inflammation of the skin, often causing redness, itching, and various skin conditions

Ex: Scratching can worsen dermatitis, leading to more irritation and redness .
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fester
fester
[noun]

a sore or wound that has become infected and is producing pus, often characterized by inflammation and discomfort

Ex: The untreated scrape turned into a painful fester on his leg .
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