Językoznawstwo - Słowa związane z językoznawstwem

the shape of a word, phrase, sentence or discourse

forma, struktura

the study or use of words and the way they are put together or changed to make sentences

gramatyka

any human language that has developed organically over time for communication purposes, distinguishing it from constructed or artificial languages

język naturalny, naturalny język

a language deliberately created by humans for specific purposes, such as international communication or fictional settings, rather than evolving naturally over time

język sztuczny, język stworzony

a language intentionally created by individuals or groups, often for specific purposes, such as improving communication, facilitating learning, or serving fictional or artistic purposes

język stworzony, język konstrukcyjny

the asymmetrical relationship between linguistic forms or features, where one form or feature is considered more "marked" or less typical than another

oznaczenie, markowanie

a book or electronic resource that gives a list of words in alphabetical order and explains their meanings, or gives the equivalent words in a different language

słownik

the specific word or form that serves as the main or primary lexical entry in a dictionary or reference work, typically representing the headword or base form of a word from which various inflected forms and derived words are derived

słowo wejściowe, termin wejściowy

a person or a community of people whose first language or primary language is English

anglofon

an utterance expressed in speech rather than written form

mówione słowo, wyrażenie ustne

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

składnia, struktura zdań

a large and structured collection of authentic texts or spoken language samples, used for linguistic analysis and research purposes

korpus, korpus tekstów

the process of changing written or spoken words from one language to another while maintaining the same meaning

tłumaczenie

a system used to communicate with deaf people that involves using hands and body gestures instead of words

język migowy, język znaków

the hypothetical language that is believed to be the root of all Indo-European languages

protoindyjski, w języku protoindyjskim

the standardized set of rules and conventions for spelling and writing within a particular language or writing system, guiding the proper representation of words and symbols

ortografia

a meaningful unit of analysis that is derived from within the specific cultural or linguistic context being studied, taking into account the perspectives and interpretations of the individuals or community under investigation

jednostka emiczna, jednostka analizy emicznej

a sentence from a speech, book, etc. that is repeated somewhere else because it is wise or interesting

cytat, wyciąg

a sudden and short sound, word or phrase, uttered to express anger, excitement, etc.

wykrzyk, krzyk

language that is considered to be meaningless or obscure, used to impress or confuse people rather than to convey information

żargon, terminologia

a linguistic element or feature that signals or indicates a specific grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic function within a language

znacznik, wskaźnik

a fixed or semi-fixed phrase or expression with a specific meaning or function that extends beyond the sum of its individual words

frazem, stałe wyrażenie

a concept in linguistics that suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language shape the thoughts and perception of its speakers, influencing their worldview and cognition

determinacja językowa, lingwistyczny determinizm

a grammatical or semantic property of a language or construction that indicates that the subject of a verb is also the object or recipient of the action performed by the subject, creating a self-referential or reflective relationship within the sentence

refleksywność

(grammar) to have the same grammatical number, gender, case or person

zgadzać się, pasować

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

konjugować, odmieniać

(grammar) to inflect or state the different forms of a noun, pronoun or adjective according to gender, number, etc.

declinować, odmieniać

to write or say the letters that form a word one by one in the right order

przeliterować

(phonetics) to pronounce a vowel or a consonant with a strongly released breath

aspiracja, wydech

(phonetics) to pronounce the /r/ sound with an alveolar trill

toczyć, drżeć

(phonetics) to utter a syllable in a word or phrase with more emphasis

akcentować, podkreślać

(phonetics) to articulate a speech sound with the vibration of the vocal cords

wymówić, wyrazić

to pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way

artykułować, wyrażać

(linguistics) to express a concept, thought, or idea in a foreign language

kodować, wyrażać

to learn by repetition and practice

trenować, powtarzać

to utter words rapidly and without making sense

mamrotać, gadać szybko

to speak with involuntary stops and repetitions of certain words

jąkać się, zająknąć

to make an error or repeated errors while speaking

potknąć się (w mowie), popełniać błędy w mowie

to divide or connect by a hyphen in writing

podzielić, połączyć myślnikiem

to use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable

pisać z użyciem znaków interpunkcyjnych, interpunkcja

(grammar) to divide a sentence into its grammatical constituents, identifying the syntactic role of each part

analizować, rozdzielać

to say the exact sentence or group of words someone else used in a movie, book, etc.

cytować, przytoczyć

(phonetics) to omit or leave out a vowel or a syllable in the pronunciation of a word

elidować, pominąć

to insert a morpheme or affix within a word, typically by placing it in the middle of a root or base form

infixować, wstawić