Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1 (2)

a small-scale business or manufacturing activity that is done at home or in small workshops, often by individuals or families

to carry out or execute a task, duty, action, or ceremony, often in a formal or official capacity

a building or room in which particular goods are made or fixed by different means

a person who spins fibers, such as wool, cotton, or silk, into yarn or thread using various tools

a skilled craftsman or craftswoman who creates woven fabrics and textiles by interlacing threads or yarns on a loom using various techniques and patterns

a person who dyes or colors fabrics or materials, often as a profession

a machine invented in the 18th century that spins multiple threads at once, making the process of producing yarn much faster and more efficient

a mechanical device used in weaving fabric, which makes the process faster and more efficient than hand weaving

the process of interlacing two sets of yarn or thread, called the warp and the weft, using a loom or other weaving device, to create fabric or textiles

material used for making clothes, which is made by knitting or weaving silk, cotton, etc.

the process of manually or mechanically twisting fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or synthetic materials, into yarn or thread that can be used for various textile applications

a long continuous length of fibers that have been spun together to be used in knitting, weaving, or sewing

a thin strand of material, such as cotton, nylon, or silk, used for sewing or weaving

work, particularly difficult physical work

using machines to perform tasks that were previously done by hand

a person, organization, company, etc. that pays to get things from businesses or stores

to experience or endure a process, change, or event

serious and of great importance

to accept, embrace, or incorporate a particular idea, practice, or belief into one's own behavior or lifestyle

the most prominent part of something

a rock that contains valuable mineral or metal

a type of fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air, which results in a solid material high in carbon

to raise the temperature of something

belonging to or following the methods or thoughts that are old as opposed to new or different ones

a hard black substance consisting of an amorphous form of carbon which is made by slowly burning wood and is used as fuel or for drawing

to become something greater in quantity, importance, or size

as a reaction or answer to something

an increase in the amount, size, importance, or degree of something

a system or network of tracks with the trains, organization, and people needed to operate them

used to refer to the second of two individuals or things mentioned in a preceding statement

to be the setting or time of an event

progress or improvement in a particular area

in a manner that is gradually growing in degree, extent, or frequency over time

to obtain legal ownership and protection for an invention or innovation

a device used to send messages over long distances through wires using electrical signals, often in the form of Morse code

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

an accident that occurs when two or more objects, often in motion, come into violent contact with each other, resulting in damage or destruction

extremely vast in degree or intensity

to rise in amount, rate, etc.

to a significantly large extent or by a considerable amount

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

an increase in something's number, amount, size, power, or value

to make something change and become something else

occurring or moving with great speed

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

important or great enough to be noticed or have an impact

(of a space or area) filled with too many people or things, causing discomfort or lack of space

to experience and be affected by something bad or unpleasant

the condition or state in which something such as air, water, or land is polluted

not meeting the expected level of quality, skill, or ability

the condition or practice of maintaining clean and healthy environments, especially in public places, to prevent the spread of disease

a warm and soft material that comes from the fur of sheep or lamb, which is commonly used to make clothing such as sweaters, coats, and hats

cloth that is made from the fibers of a plant called flax, used to make fine clothes, etc.

cloth made from the fibers of the cotton plant, naturally soft and comfortable against the skin

happening or existing before something else

relating to the country, people, or culture of the United Kingdom

foreign countries outside one's own country

the process of heating and melting rocks or ores to take out metals from them

relating to Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor, or the period during his rule

the act of sending or receiving messages or information through gestures, sounds, or symbols to communicate over a distance