Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)

any type of knitted, felted or woven cloth

the core principles or base upon which something is started, developed, calculated, or explained

to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

a machine that uses steam made from boiling water to produce power and make parts move

having a connection to or originating in the Earth's atmosphere

at the initial state, purpose, or condition of something before any changes occurred

to supply with the needed energy to make something work

to make gas or liquid move in a certain direction using a mechanical action

a deep hole or large tunnel in the ground where workers dig for salt, gold, coal, etc.

belonging or relating to Scotland, its people, or the Gaelic language

a person who designs, fixes, or builds roads, machines, bridges, etc.

to change something in a way that suits a new purpose or situation better

(of a system or machine) achieving maximum productivity without wasting much time, effort, or money

a person, company, or country that produces large numbers of products

to generate the power necessary to make a machine work

a solid, round part that moves back and forth inside a hollow tube in an engine or machine, helping to push or pull gases or liquids, or to turn pressure into movement

(of a country, region, or a process) to yield, supply, or bring forth

a type of movement where something turns or spins around a central point or line

a method, product, way of doing something, etc. that is newly introduced

costumer's need or desire for specific goods or services

a type of fossil fuel, which is black and found in the ground, typically used as a source of energy

to a specific degree, particularly when compared to other similar things

in a way that is very quick and often unexpected

to cause engines or machines to operate, function, or perform their designated tasks

working by using the force of steam made from boiling water

a system or method for carrying people or goods from one place to another by cars, trains, etc.

a powered railroad vehicle that pulls a train along

someone traveling in a vehicle, aircraft, ship, etc. who is not the pilot, driver, or a crew member

related to the manufacturing or production of goods on a large scale

the period of time in the 18th and 19th centuries that machines were used for the first time for mass production of goods, started in Britain

referring to the middle part of a decade, era, or period

to extend or increase in influence or effect over a larger area or group of people

used to point out that something or someone is part of a set or group

for the greatest part

related to or characteristic of the countryside

related to agriculture, farmers, or rural life

to be subject to change in form, appearance, or nature

(of a country or region) having undergone significant economic and technological development

describing the physical setting, culture, or lifestyle typically found in cities

items made or produced for sale

to skillfully make something, particularly with the hands

with the hands or physical effort rather than relying on machines or tools

involving or impacting a large number of things or people collectively

the amount of something or the whole number of things in a group

any piece of equipment that is mechanical, electric, etc. and performs a particular task

the process of making or producing goods, especially in large quantities, typically using machinery or labor

a place where a certain activity, business, or interest is mostly gathered or focused

used to introduce further information

in a manner accepted, used, or practiced by a large number of people or throughout many locations

used to indicate motion in a continuous direction on a surface or path

a long and artificial passage built and filled with water for ships to travel along or used to transfer water to other places

a set of mechanical parts or devices that transmit and control power or motion in a machine or vehicle

a system of separate parts acting together in order to perform a task

the energy that is obtained through different means, such as electrical or solar, to operate different equipment or machines

the act or process of forming, producing, creating, or preparing something

one movement in a series of repeated actions where something moves back and forth or up and down

(technology) the origin or starting point of data, energy, or a process