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قائمة كلمات المستوى B2 - بحث علمي

ستتعلم هنا بعض الكلمات الإنجليزية المتعلقة بالبحث العلمي، مثل "وصفي"، و"تصنيف"، و"استشهاد"، وما إلى ذلك، المعدة لمتعلمي المستوى B2.

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CEFR B2 Vocabulary
analytical
[صفة]

describing a method for understanding things through the use of logic and detailed thinking

تحليلي, استدلالي

تحليلي, استدلالي

Ex: analytical essay critically examines a topic by presenting evidence and logical arguments .
comparative
[صفة]

relating to or including the evaluation of similarities and differences between two or more things

مقارن, مقارنة

مقارن, مقارنة

Ex: Their research provided comparative perspective on the economic growth of urban versus rural areas .
descriptive
[صفة]

providing detailed information about how something looks, feels, sounds, or behaves

وصفي, تفصيلي

وصفي, تفصيلي

Ex: descriptive labels on the products helped customers make informed choices .
to cite
[فعل]

to refer to something as an example or proof

استشهد, اقتبس

استشهد, اقتبس

Ex: The cited successful business strategies to propose changes in the company .
to classify
[فعل]

to put people or things in different categories or groups

صنّف, فصّل

صنّف, فصّل

Ex: The botanist classified plants into different species based on their characteristics .
to compile
[فعل]

to gather information in order to produce a book, report, etc.

جمع, أعدّ

جمع, أعدّ

Ex: The compiled articles from different writers into a magazine issue .
to conduct
[فعل]

to direct or participate in the management, organization, or execution of something

إدارة, توجيه

إدارة, توجيه

Ex: The CEO will conduct negotiations with potential business partners .

to show clearly that something is true or exists by providing proof or evidence

أظهر, بين

أظهر, بين

Ex: demonstrated her leadership abilities by organizing a successful event .
to derive
[فعل]

to figure out or establish something through logical analysis or reasoning

استنتج, استخلص

استنتج, استخلص

Ex: derive conclusions about criminal cases through evidence analysis and deductive reasoning .
to detect
[فعل]

to notice or discover something that is difficult to find

يكتشف, يلاحظ

يكتشف, يلاحظ

Ex: The detected signs of distress in the swimmer and acted promptly .
to document
[فعل]

to support an argument, claim, etc. by providing facts and evidence

وثق, سجل

وثق, سجل

Ex: They documented every step of the process to ensure transparency .
to estimate
[فعل]

to guess the value, number, quantity, size, etc. of something without exact calculation

يُقَدِّرُ, يَخْمِنُ

يُقَدِّرُ, يَخْمِنُ

Ex: We need estimate the total expenses for the event before planning the budget .
to evaluate
[فعل]

to calculate or judge the quality, value, significance, or effectiveness of something or someone

يقيّم, يعمل تقييمًا

يقيّم, يعمل تقييمًا

Ex: It 's important evaluate the environmental impact of new construction projects before granting permits .
to imply
[فعل]

to suggest that one thing is the logical consequence of the other

يُشير إلى, يُوحي ب

يُشير إلى, يُوحي ب

Ex: The decrease in implies that the marketing strategy needs to be reevaluated .
to interpret
[فعل]

to explain what something means

يفسر, يكشف عن معنى

يفسر, يكشف عن معنى

Ex: The lawyer interpret the legal terms to make sure the client understood the contract .
to observe
[فعل]

to carefully watch something in order gain knowledge or understanding about the subject

يراقب, يلاحظ

يراقب, يلاحظ

Ex: The researchers observing the experiment closely as the data unfolded .
to outline
[فعل]

to give a brief description of something excluding the details

حدد فِكرة, رسم خططَة

حدد فِكرة, رسم خططَة

Ex: Before starting the research paper , the outlined the hypotheses and methodologies to guide the study .
to survey
[فعل]

to collect information about a subject from a group of people by asking them questions

استطلَعَ, استقصى

استطلَعَ, استقصى

Ex: The surveyed potential users to get feedback on the prototype .
case study
[اسم]

a recorded analysis of a person, group, event or situation over a length of time

دراسة حالة, بحث حالة

دراسة حالة, بحث حالة

Ex: The environmentalist conducted case study on the effects of deforestation on local wildlife populations .
chart
[اسم]

an information sheet in the form of a graph, diagram, or table that is easy to understand

مخطط, جدول

مخطط, جدول

Ex: chart was color-coded to make the data easier to interpret at a glance .
diagram
[اسم]

a graphic design intended to explain something

رسم تخطيطي, مخطط

رسم تخطيطي, مخطط

Ex: During the meeting , the manager used diagram to outline the project ’s workflow .
document
[اسم]

a computer file, book, piece of paper etc. that is used as evidence or a source of information

مستند, وثيقة

مستند, وثيقة

Ex: The library archives contain a collection of documents dating back centuries .
evaluation
[اسم]

a judgment on the quantity and quality of something after careful consideration

تقييم, تقدير

تقييم, تقدير

Ex: The annual evaluation provides valuable feedback to employees on their strengths and areas for improvement .
hypothesis
[اسم]

an explanation based on limited facts and evidence that is not yet proved to be true

فرضية, نظرية مبدئية

فرضية, نظرية مبدئية

Ex: After analyzing the data , they either confirmed or refuted their hypothesis.
experiment
[اسم]

a test done to prove the truthfulness of a hypothesis

تجربة, اختبار

تجربة, اختبار

Ex: The laboratory was equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for experiments in physics .
sample
[اسم]

a randomly selected part of a larger group, put to study in order to gain knowledge or to draw conclusions about the larger group

عينة, نموذج

عينة, نموذج

Ex: The auditor examined sample of financial transactions to verify compliance with accounting standards .
variable
[اسم]

something that is subject to change and can affect the result of a situation

متغير, عامل متغير

متغير, عامل متغير

Ex: The scientist adjusted variable at a time to understand how it affected the overall experiment .
instrument
[اسم]

a device or tool that requires specific knowledge on how to be used

أداة, آلة

أداة, آلة

Ex: The laboratory technician handled the instrument with care to avoid any errors .

a paper containing a series of questions that is given to people to collect information for statistical reasons

استبيان, استقصاء

استبيان, استقصاء

Ex: The researcher distributed questionnaire to gather feedback from participants .
reference
[اسم]

a short note in a book giving information about the source of its subject

مرجع, استشهاد

مرجع, استشهاد

Ex: reference in the appendix helped verify the data presented in the book ’s main chapters .
trial
[اسم]

a process conducted in order to decide on how effective, safe, etc. someone or something is

تجربة, محاكمة

تجربة, محاكمة

Ex: trial of the proposed educational program showed promising results in improving student engagement .
trial and error
[عبارة]

the process of testing a method, an idea, etc. in several ways to achieve the desired outcome

Ex: The team improved the design by trial and error.
finding
[اسم]

a piece of information discovered as a result of a research

اكتشاف, نتيجة البحث

اكتشاف, نتيجة البحث

Ex: finding suggested that diet plays a major role in health outcomes .
law
[اسم]

a scientific principle or rule that describes something scientific or natural always being the same or occurring in the same way, given specific conditions are met

قانون, قاعدة

قانون, قاعدة

Ex: Keplerlaws of Planetary Motion describe the orbits of planets around the sun based on observational data .
model
[اسم]

a description of a process or system that is simplified to demonstrate how it works under specific circumstances, especially in mathematics

نموذج, صورة رمزية

نموذج, صورة رمزية

Ex: The researcher developed model to simulate how viruses spread through a population .
principle
[اسم]

a fundamental rule that is considered to be true and can serve as a basis for further reasoning or behavior

مبدأ, قاعدة

مبدأ, قاعدة

Ex: We have been applying principle throughout the project .
procedure
[اسم]

a particular set of actions conducted in a certain way

إجراء, طريقة

إجراء, طريقة

Ex: procedures must be followed in the laboratory .
proof
[اسم]

information or evidence that proves the truth or existence of something

دليل, إثبات

دليل, إثبات

Ex: She proof of her payment by showing the receipt from the transaction .
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