المفردات المتقدمة للاختبار TOEFL - History

the early period of human history when people used things such as stone, horn, bone, etc. to make tools

عصر الحجر, العصر الحجري

the era in human history from which we have no written record

ما قبل التاريخ

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

العصر الجليدي, فترة التجليد

the historical period before the Middle Ages, especially before the sixth century when Greeks and Romans were the most prosperous

العصور القديمة, القديمة

the era in European history commenced at the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 and lasted until AD 1000

العصور المظلمة, القرون الوسطى المظلمة

an era in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500, when the authority of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was unquestionable

العصور الوسطى, حقبة العصور الوسطى

the period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time

العصر الحديدي, فترة الحديد

the period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools

عصر البرونز, فترة البرونز

the period that began with Christ's birth

العصر المسيحي, حقبة المسيحي

the branch of science that studies fossils

علم الحفريات

relating to the period between around 208 to 146 million years ago, when the largest known dinosaurs lived

جوراسي, يتعلق بالعصر الجوراسي

relating to the period between approximately 146 and 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs lived (until their extinction)

الطباشيري

relating to Greek history, language, and culture, especially the era from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 31 BC, during which Greek culture thrived considerably

هيليني, متعلق بالعصر الهلنستي

a philosophical movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science were of more importance than tradition and religion

التنوير, عصر التنوير

dating back to the ancient past

قديم, عتيق

a person who was not a member of a great civilization (Greek, Roman, Christian) and was believed to be savage and uncivil

بربري, همجى

to record a series of historical events in a detailed way by a chronological order

يؤرخ, يسجل

an object, person, or event that is out of place in terms of time or context, often appearing in a historical setting before its actual invention or introduction

تضارب زمني

the study of civilizations of the past and historical periods by the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

علم الآثار

any territory under the full or partial control of another more powerful nation, often occupied by settlers from that nation

مستعمرة

(plural) the remains of something such as a building after it has been seriously damaged or destroyed

أنقاض, خرائب

used typically before a date to show that it is not exact

حوالي, تقريبا

the king or emperor of Russia prior to 1917

قيصر, تسار

the political structure during a period in the history of the UK between 1649 and 1660, called the interregnum, during which the country was ruled without a king or queen

الكومنولث, الجمهورية