a person who has the power to rule over a kingdom or empire, especially someone who inherits this power

monarch, vorst
a ruler that has total power over a state, particularly a ruler who gained power through force

dictator, tiran
a system of governing that is authoritarian and usually not selected in a fair election

regime, autoritair bewind
a form of government where a single ruler or authority exercises absolute power without checks or limitations

despotisme, tirannie
a bold uprising by a group, often soldiers or sailors, against their leaders

muiterij, opstand
a rebellion or uprising, often involving violence, by a group of people against an authority or ruling power

opstand, rebellie
a situation in which people join together to fight against those in power

opstand, revolte
an organized action, usually violent, against an authority, attempting to bring about a change

opstand, rebellie
the act of rebellion or resistance against established authority, typically through speech or conduct

opruiing, rebellie
a committed loyalty or dedication to a particular cause, group, or belief

trouw, loyaliteit
the right or privilege of casting a vote in public elections

stemrecht, kiesrecht
the state of being free from the control of others

onafhankelijkheid, autonomie
a country that aids another country, particularly if a war breaks out

bondgenoot, partner
the pursuit or achievement of equal rights, freedoms, or social status for individuals or groups previously oppressed or restricted

bevrijding, emancipatie
a person who participates in irregular fighting as a member of an unofficial military group

guerrillastrijder, guerrilla
the ability to make decisions or act freely according to one's own will, without being restricted by external constraints

vrijheid, vrije wil
organized efforts aimed at improving or changing existing laws, policies, or practices to address perceived injustices or inefficiencies

hervorming
an organized group of individuals or organizations that actively seek to influence public officials and policymakers on specific issues or laws

belangengroep, lobby
an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

coalitie, alliantie
a condition in which individuals are forced to work or provide services against their will, without the ability to freely leave or negotiate their conditions

dienstbaarheid, slavernij
a person or thing that is next in line to someone or something else

opvolger, erfgenaam
the action of assuming an important position or title

toetreding, troonsbestijging
a lineage of kings who rule a country or nation over a long period of time

dynastie
making decisions based on the preferences of the majority, often without significant consideration for the rights or interests of minority groups

meerderheids-, gebaseerd op meerderheid
using power or authority in a cruel and oppressive way against other people

tiranniek, despotisch
(of actions, speech, writings, etc.) encouraging rebellion against established authority or government

opruiend, rebels
oppressed or treated unfairly, especially by those in power

onderdrukt, vertrapt
ordered or required by a rule or law

verplicht, vereist
related to the characteristics or actions of an empire or emperor

keizerlijk, imperiaal
relating to the armed forces that operate at seas or waters in general

marine-, met betrekking tot de zee
to voluntarily give up or surrender control, possession, or responsibility over something

afstand doen van, overgeven
to officially take possession or control of something, typically for military or governmental purposes, often without the consent of the owner

vorderen, confisqueren
(of a monarch or ruler) to step down from a position of power

aftreden, de troon opgeven
to ensure that a law or rule is followed

handhaven, naleving waarborgen
to give an official order to a person or an animal to perform a particular task

bevelen, commanderen
to refuse to buy, use, or participate in something as a way to show disapproval or to try to bring about a change

boycotten, deelnemen aan een boycot
to have the power to completely or partially control someone or something

domineren, beheersen
to wrongly take someone else's position, power, or right

usurperen, onrechtmatig overnemen
to give someone the legal right to have or do something particular

recht geven op, bekrachtigen
to settle and build communities in new, often unexplored, areas

koloniseren, koloniën stichten
to formally approve a decision, action, etc., typically through an official process or legal means

ratificeren, officieel goedkeuren
to impose a penalty or punitive measure upon an individual, entity, or action

sanctioneren, straffen
to use one's official or political authority to change or reject a previously made decision

vernietigen, overrulen
to take control of or incorporate additional land into an existing country or state

annexeren, inlijven
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