a person who has the power to rule over a kingdom or empire, especially someone who inherits this power

monarcha, władca
a ruler that has total power over a state, particularly a ruler who gained power through force

dyktator, despota
a system of governing that is authoritarian and usually not selected in a fair election

reżim, system rządów
a form of government where a single ruler or authority exercises absolute power without checks or limitations

despotyzm, despota
a bold uprising by a group, often soldiers or sailors, against their leaders

bunt, mutyn
a rebellion or uprising, often involving violence, by a group of people against an authority or ruling power

rebelią, powstaniem
an organized action, usually violent, against an authority, attempting to bring about a change

rebellia, bunt
the act of rebellion or resistance against established authority, typically through speech or conduct

sedycja, naruszenie porządku publicznego
a committed loyalty or dedication to a particular cause, group, or belief

lojalność, przywiązanie
the right or privilege of casting a vote in public elections

sufrażysmy, prawo głosu
the state of being free from the control of others

niepodległość, samodzielność
a country that aids another country, particularly if a war breaks out

sojusznik, sprzymierzeniec
the pursuit or achievement of equal rights, freedoms, or social status for individuals or groups previously oppressed or restricted

wyzwolenie, emancypacja
a person who participates in irregular fighting as a member of an unofficial military group

guerrilla, partyzant
the ability to make decisions or act freely according to one's own will, without being restricted by external constraints

wolność, swoboda
organized efforts aimed at improving or changing existing laws, policies, or practices to address perceived injustices or inefficiencies

reforma, zmiana
an organized group of individuals or organizations that actively seek to influence public officials and policymakers on specific issues or laws

lobby, grupa lobbingowa
an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

koalicja, sojusz
a condition in which individuals are forced to work or provide services against their will, without the ability to freely leave or negotiate their conditions

niewolnictwo, służba
a person or thing that is next in line to someone or something else

następca, dziedzic
the action of assuming an important position or title

akcesja, obejście
a lineage of kings who rule a country or nation over a long period of time

dynastia, dynastia królewska
making decisions based on the preferences of the majority, often without significant consideration for the rights or interests of minority groups

większościowy, majorytarny
using power or authority in a cruel and oppressive way against other people

tyranskie, despotyczne
(of actions, speech, writings, etc.) encouraging rebellion against established authority or government

sedycyjny, buntowniczy
oppressed or treated unfairly, especially by those in power

uciskany, poniżany
related to the characteristics or actions of an empire or emperor

imperialny, cesarski
relating to the armed forces that operate at seas or waters in general

morski, navalny
to voluntarily give up or surrender control, possession, or responsibility over something

zrzec się, wyrzec się
to officially take possession or control of something, typically for military or governmental purposes, often without the consent of the owner

przejmować, zagrabiać
(of a monarch or ruler) to step down from a position of power

abdykować, zrzec się
to give an official order to a person or an animal to perform a particular task

rozkazać, nakazać
to refuse to buy, use, or participate in something as a way to show disapproval or to try to bring about a change

bojkotować, zbojkotować
to have the power to completely or partially control someone or something

dominować, panować
to wrongly take someone else's position, power, or right

uzurpować, zajmować (np. pozycję)
to give someone the legal right to have or do something particular

uprawniać, dawać prawo
to settle and build communities in new, often unexplored, areas

kolonizować, osiedlać się
to formally approve a decision, action, etc., typically through an official process or legal means

ratyfikować, zatwierdzić
to impose a penalty or punitive measure upon an individual, entity, or action

sankcjonować, ukarać
to use one's official or political authority to change or reject a previously made decision

uchylić, znieść
to take control of or incorporate additional land into an existing country or state

aneksować, przejąć
