Językoznawstwo - Sociolinguistics

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialekt

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

akcent, intonacja

the everyday language spoken by a particular group of people in a specific region or community

dialekt, język potoczny

a regulated and accepted form of a language that is widely used in formal settings, education, government, and media

język standardowy, język normatywny

(linguistics) a variety of language that is used in a particular social context, based on the communicative purpose and social status of the user

rejestr, rejestr językowy

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

żargon, terminologia

the unique language variety or style of an individual speaker

idiolekt, idiolekt (jednostkowa odmiana języka pojedynczego mówcy)

the phenomenon in which multiple forms or variants of a linguistic element, such as a phoneme, morpheme, or word, can be used interchangeably without affecting the meaning or grammaticality of a sentence

swobodna wariacja, wolna wariacja

a variety of a language that is spoken in a specific geographical region

dialekt regionalny, mowa regionalna

a variation of a language associated with a specific social group or class, characterized by distinct linguistic features influenced by social factors

dialekt społeczny, wariant języka społecznego

the first language or mother tongue that a person acquires naturally from birth or early childhood and is typically the language they are most proficient in

język ojczysty, język rodzimy

the social value and perceived status associated with a particular language, dialect, or speech variety

prestiż, status

a prestigious and historically influential accent and pronunciation variant of Standard British English, commonly associated with educated speakers in the United Kingdom

Akceptowana wymowa, Standardowa wymowa

a group of people who share a common language or variety of a language and interact with one another using that language or variety

wspólnota językowa, społeczność mówców

the ability of speakers of different but related languages or dialects to understand each other to a certain degree due to similarities in their linguistic structures and vocabulary

wzajemna zrozumiałość, wzajemne rozumienie

a geographic boundary that marks the linguistic feature or variation in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between different dialects or language varieties

izoglos, granica językowa

a sociolinguistic situation where two distinct varieties or registers of a language are used in different social contexts or for different purposes, typically one being a high-prestige, formal variety and the other a low-prestige, informal variety

diglosja

the process of reducing linguistic differences between dialects, resulting in a more standardized variety of a language

wyrównanie dialektów, standaryzacja dialektów

a group of closely related dialects that share significant linguistic similarities, often found in a specific geographical or cultural region

klaster dialektów, grupa dialektów

a language or a simplified communication system that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages

lingua franca, język komunikacji

a set of interconnected or related language varieties, including dialects, registers, and other linguistic variants, that are used by a particular speech community or within a specific linguistic context

diasystem

a range of dialects that are mutually intelligible to some degree, where each adjacent dialect shares similarities and gradually transitions into the next one

kontinuum dialektów, ciąg dialektów

a simplified language made up of two or more languages used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language but need to talk, for example for trading

pidgin

the process in which a simplified form of language, known as a pidgin, emerges as a means of communication between groups of people who do not share a common language

pidżinizacja, proces pidżinizacji

a constructed language designed to serve as a communication tool within a specific geographic region or zone

język pomocniczy strefowy, język pomocniczy regionalny

a language that has been evolved from a mixture of a European and a local language, spoken as a mother tongue

kreolski, język kreolski

the process through which a new language, known as a creole, emerges as a result of contact between different languages, typically in situations of colonization, slavery, or migration

kreolizacja, proces kreolizacji

the process whereby a creole language undergoes changes that make it more similar to its lexifier language or other dominant languages in the surrounding linguistic environment

dekreolizacja, proces dekreolizacji

the spectrum of language varieties that emerge and evolve in a community following the formation of a creole language, ranging from more creole-like forms to more standard-like forms

kontinuum postkreolskie, spectrum postkreolskie

a constructed language that aims to resemble and function like a natural language, typically developed with the goal of facilitating international communication and cultural exchange

naturalistyczny język planowany, język stworzony naturalistycznie

the movement or desire for a particular linguistic group to secede or break away from a larger language or linguistic community to establish their own independent language or dialect

secesjonizm językowy, secesja językowa

the phenomenon of switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or discourse, often influenced by social, cultural, or linguistic factors

code-switching, zmiana kodu

a distinct form or type of a language, such as a regional variety, social variety, or stylistic variety, which may differ in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and usage

wariant, typ

the main language that makes it difficult to learn or understand a simplified language that developed from a mix of different languages

leksyfikator

the phenomenon of changing one's language or speech style based on different social contexts, audiences, or situations, often involving the use of different registers, dialects, or levels of formality

zmiana stylu, wariacja stylu

the social value or status attached to non-standard or stigmatized forms of language, often within specific subcultures or communities, despite their lack of recognition or validation in broader society

ukryty prestiż, przestrzegany prestiż

a language that is native to a particular region or territory and has been traditionally spoken by the indigenous or native population of that area

język rodzimy, język autochtoniczny

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

słownictwo slangowe, język potoczny

words, expressions, or topics that are considered socially or culturally inappropriate or offensive and are typically avoided or restricted in polite conversation

język tabu, zakazany język

the English language as used in the United Kingdom

angielski brytyjski, angielski Zjednoczonego Królestwa

the variety of English language used primarily in the United States, characterized by its distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar conventions

angielski amerykański, amerykański język angielski

a variety of English spoken predominantly by African Americans in the United States

Ebonics, Angielski afroamerykański

an individual who is proficient in and able to switch between two distinct dialects or varieties of a language, typically based on regional or social factors

bidialetalny, dwudialektalny

a linguistic phenomenon where speakers or writers overcompensate for a perceived error or nonstandard usage by using a form that is actually incorrect or nonstandard

hiperkorekta

a linguistic feature that distinguishes between formal and informal forms of address in language, often indicating social status or hierarchy

distynkcja T-V, odróżnienie formalnych i nieformalnych form wypowiedzi

a word, phrase, or grammatical construction that is borrowed from the English language into another language

anglicyzm, zapojęcia z angielskiego

a word, phrase, pronunciation, or cultural trait that is specific to or associated with British English or British culture

brytyzm, brytyjskie wyrażenie

speech in which every declarative clause, sentence, etc. ends with a rising intonation, as if a question

wznosząca intonacja, intonacja wzniesienia

the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency

interjezyk, język pośredni

the intentional actions taken to shape or control how a language is used in a community or society

planowanie języka, zarządzanie językiem

the process of evaluating an individual's language proficiency or abilities through various tests, examinations, or evaluations

ocena językowa, ewaluacja językowa

a word or phrase with a predetermined meaning that is used instead of the usual name or word for something

słowo kodowe, kod

the advocacy or belief in preserving or purifying a language by purging it of foreign or non-standard elements, often aiming for linguistic preservation and cultural identity

purystyczne podejście do języka, czystość językowa

a distinct layer or level within a language system, such as different dialects, sociolects, or registers, that are associated with specific social groups, regions, or levels of formality

warstwa, stratum

the linguistic influence of a less prestigious language on a dominant language in contact, resulting in the adoption or transfer of phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical features

substrat, warstwa