Językoznawstwo - Ortografia i typografia
Tutaj nauczysz się kilku angielskich słów związanych z ortografią i typografią, takich jak „pisownia”, „kursywa” i „kursywa”.
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Pisownia
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the act or the ability of putting letters in the correct order to form a word
![ortografia, literowanie](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
ortografia, literowanie
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the practice of using uppercase letters to signify the beginning of a sentence, proper nouns, and certain other grammatical elements for clarity and emphasis
![kapitalizacja, użycie wielkich liter](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
kapitalizacja, użycie wielkich liter
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the use of marks such as a period, comma, etc. in writing to divide sentences and phrases to better convey meaning
![interpunkcja](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
interpunkcja
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a set of symbols or characters used to represent language in a visual or tangible form, allowing communication and the recording of information
![system pisma, pismo](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
system pisma, pismo
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a writing system that represents the sounds of a language using consistent and predictable symbols or characters, allowing for a direct correspondence between written and spoken forms
![ortografia fonemiczna, pismo fonemiczne](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
ortografia fonemiczna, pismo fonemiczne
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a style of handwriting in which the letters are joined together in a flowing manner, often written with continuous strokes and without lifting the pen or pencil from the paper
![kursywa, pismo kursywne](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
kursywa, pismo kursywne
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the art and technique of organizing written text in a visually appealing and readable manner
![typografia](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
typografia
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a self-contained part of discourse that consists of one or more sentences dealing with a particular topic, indicated by indentation
![akapit](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
akapit
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the degree of consistency between the spelling and pronunciation of words in a writing system, with shallow orthographies having a high degree of consistency such as in Spanish and deep orthographies having a lower consistency such as in English
![głębokość ortograficzna, stopień głębokości ortograficznej](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
głębokość ortograficzna, stopień głębokości ortograficznej
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the small letters in a writing system, contrasting with uppercase, and commonly used in regular text
![małe litery, litery małe](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
małe litery, litery małe
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the set of capital or large letters in the Latin alphabet or other writing systems, typically used at the beginning of a sentence, for proper nouns, and for emphasis
![wielkie litery, litery wielkie](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
wielkie litery, litery wielkie
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a linguistic or writing technique that uses pictures, symbols, or combinations of letters to represent words or sounds, often based on their phonetic similarity or association, creating visual puns or wordplay
![zasada rebusu, zasada wizualnych gier słownych](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
zasada rebusu, zasada wizualnych gier słownych
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a set of basic written symbols, representing the sounds of a language, which if put into correct orders form the words
![alfabet, litery](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
alfabet, litery
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a written character or symbol that represents an entire word or concept, rather than representing individual sounds or phonetic elements, as seen in some writing systems such as Chinese characters or Egyptian hieroglyphs
![logogram, symbol](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
logogram, symbol
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the small decorative strokes or flourishes that extend from the ends of the main strokes of letters in a typeface, giving them a more traditional or formal appearance
![serif, zakończenie](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
serif, zakończenie
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a particular design or style of lettering, including the shape, size, and characteristics of the characters, that make up a complete set of fonts within a specific font family
![czcionka, rodzina czcionek](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
czcionka, rodzina czcionek
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a different physical or visual representation of the same grapheme or character in a writing system
![allograf, inny graficzny zapis](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
allograf, inny graficzny zapis
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the smallest unit of a writing system that represents a distinct sound or phoneme in a language, such as a single letter, combination of letters, or symbol
![grafem](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
grafem
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a typographic style that emphasizes or highlights text by making it thicker and darker in appearance compared to the surrounding text
![pogrubienie, pogrubiona czcionka](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
pogrubienie, pogrubiona czcionka
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a cursive script with slanted letters that are connected and flowing in appearance
![kursywa](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
kursywa
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a typeface or font that does not have small decorative strokes or serifs at the ends of the main letterforms, giving it a clean and modern appearance
![bezszeryfowy, czcionka bezszeryfowa](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
bezszeryfowy, czcionka bezszeryfowa
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the typographic variation of the digit "0" in which a diagonal slash is added across the zero to distinguish it from the letter "O" and indicate that it represents the numerical zero
![przekreślone zero, zero z ukośną kreską](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
przekreślone zero, zero z ukośną kreską
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a typographic term that refers to the combination of two or more letters or characters into a single interconnected glyph, often used to enhance readability or aesthetic appeal in certain typefaces or scripts
![ligatura, typograficzna ligatura](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
ligatura, typograficzna ligatura
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
(linguistics) a mark that is written below or above a letter indicating a difference in pronunciation
![diakrytyka, znak diakrytyczny](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
diakrytyka, znak diakrytyczny
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a diacritic used in various languages and writing systems to indicate different linguistic features such as stress, pitch, or vowel quality
![akcent ostrożny, akcent](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
akcent ostrożny, akcent
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a mark that indicates the emphatic syllable in a word, which is stressed
![akcent, znak akcentowy](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
akcent, znak akcentowy
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the symbol ~ put over the letter n in Spanish, or a and o in Portuguese to indicate nasalization
![tylda, znak nosowy](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
tylda, znak nosowy
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the mark that appears as a small hook put under the letter 'c' indicating that it has a /s/ sound, rather than a /k/ sound
![cedilla](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
cedilla
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the mark ^, placed over a vowel in some languages indicating contraction, length, etc.
![circumflex](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
circumflex
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the diacritic mark ` placed above a vowel in some languages indicating an altered pronunciation in case of quality, quantity or pitch
![grave, akcent grave](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
grave, akcent grave
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the mark ¨, put over a vowel indicating an articulation with rounding or fronting
![umlaut, diereza](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
umlaut, diereza
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a letter in some historical Germanic languages, such as Old English and Old Norse, representing the "th" sound, and is characterized by its distinct angular shape resembling a "p" with a vertical stroke
![cierń, kolec](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
cierń, kolec
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a graphic symbol that signifies a word, phrase, physical object, etc.
![piktogram, schemat](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
piktogram, schemat
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a symbol or graphic representation that directly represents a concept or idea, often without relying on specific sounds or language, commonly used in pictographic or logographic writing systems
![ideogram, symbol graficzny](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
ideogram, symbol graficzny
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a letter in a word that is not pronounced when the word is spoken, although it may still affect the pronunciation or meaning of the word
![cicha litera, niema litera](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
cicha litera, niema litera
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a letter used in some languages, such as Old English and Icelandic, to represent the voiced "th" sound, and is derived from the runic letter "d"
![eth, litera eth](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
eth, litera eth
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a diacritic mark used in some writing systems, such as Devanagari and Indic scripts, to indicate the absence of a vowel sound following a consonant, effectively suppressing the inherent vowel
![wirama, znak diakrytyczny](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
wirama, znak diakrytyczny
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the art of producing beautiful handwriting using special writing instruments such as a dip or brush pen
![kaligrafia](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
kaligrafia
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a style of Chinese calligraphy that emerged during the Han Dynasty and was commonly used for official documents and bureaucratic purposes, characterized by its simplified and standardized form with square-shaped characters and clear strokes
![pismo klerikalne, skrypt klerikalny](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
pismo klerikalne, skrypt klerikalny
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
an ancient style of writing used in China during the late Zhou Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty, characterized by its pictographic and abstract forms, with characters often featuring intricate and flowing lines
![pismo pieczętne, skrypt pieczętowy](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
pismo pieczętne, skrypt pieczętowy
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a standardized style of Chinese calligraphy characterized by its balanced and uniform strokes, widely used for its readability and simplicity
![zwykłe pismo, standardowa czcionka](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
zwykłe pismo, standardowa czcionka
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a semi-cursive style of Chinese calligraphy that exhibits a fluid and connected writing with simplified strokes, striking a balance between the cursive and regular scripts
![pismo biegowe, półkursywa](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
pismo biegowe, półkursywa
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the logographic characters adopted from Chinese characters and used in the Japanese writing system
![kanji, znaki logograficzne](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
kanji, znaki logograficzne
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a fundamental component of the Japanese writing system, comprising 46 characters that represent syllables and are utilized for native Japanese words, grammatical purposes, and verb endings
![hiragana, fundamentalny element japońskiego systemu pisma](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
hiragana, fundamentalny element japońskiego systemu pisma
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a component in the Japanese writing system, consisting of 46 characters that represent syllables and are primarily used for borrowed words, foreign names, onomatopoeia, and emphasis
![katakana](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
katakana
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
the Chinese characters that are used in the Korean writing system, representing both meaning and sound and used in conjunction with the Korean alphabet, Hangul, to write words of Chinese origin or to clarify the meaning of Korean words
![hanja, znaki chińskie](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
hanja, znaki chińskie
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
a letter or character from the runic alphabet, used in various Germanic languages during the early Middle Ages
![runa](https://api.langeek.co/v1/assets/flags/pl.png)
runa
![Google Translate](/assets/icons/google_translate.png)
![LanGeek](/assets/logo/langeek-mono-small.png)