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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 in the Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic
off
off
[Adverb]

at or to a certain distance away in physical space

Ex: He watched silently from ten feet off. 
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mountainous
mountainous
[Adjective]

(of an area) having a lot of mountains

Ex: The mountainous region offers breathtaking views and challenging hikes. 
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steep
steep
[Adjective]

(of a surface) having a sharp slope or angle, making it difficult to climb or walk up

Ex: The steep hill made the hike challenging, requiring extra effort to ascend. 
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rocky
rocky
[Adjective]

having a surface that is covered with large, uneven, or rough rocks, stones, or boulders

Ex: The path up the mountain was rocky, making the hike challenging. 
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slope
slope
[noun]

a raised landform, hill, or incline

Ex: The hikers climbed the steep slope. 
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wooded
wooded
[Adjective]

covered with growing trees and bushes etc

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ravine
ravine
[noun]

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

Ex: The ravine cut through the forest, its steep sides marked by erosion from the flowing creek at its base. 
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whistle
whistle
[noun]

the action of producing a sound to signal, summon, or attract attention

Ex: The lifeguard's whistle alerts swimmers to danger. 
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means
means
[noun]

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

Ex: Education is a powerful means to improve one's future prospects. 
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to transmit

to convey or communicate something, such as information, ideas, or emotions, from one person to another

Ex: The radio host skillfully transmitted breaking news updates to the listeners. 
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terrain
terrain
[noun]

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

Ex: The rugged terrain of the mountainous region posed a significant challenge for the hikers, requiring careful navigation and endurance. 
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to [shed] light on {sth}

to provide clarification, understanding, or insight into a topic, situation, or problem

Ex: The new report sheds light on why the project failed. 
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to associate

to make a connection between someone or something and another in the mind

Ex: Many people associate the smell of freshly baked cookies with warmth and home. 
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remarkably
remarkably
[Adverb]

in a way that is unusually impressive, effective, or surprising

Ex: She sang the aria remarkably, with both power and subtlety. 
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flexible
flexible
[Adjective]

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

Ex: Her flexible approach to problem-solving made her an excellent team member. 
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to interpret

to understand or assign meaning to something

Ex: Psychologists interpret dreams to gain insights into a person's subconscious thoughts. 
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scope
scope
[noun]

the area or extent within which something operates, has influence, or exercises control

Ex: The project's scope expanded to include environmental research. 
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to recognize

to completely understand, acknowledge, or become aware of the existence, validity, or importance of something

Ex: She quickly recognized the need for better communication within the team. 
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co-author
co-author
[noun]

a person who collaborates with one or more individuals in writing a book, article, or other work

Ex: She served as co-author of the research paper. 
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associate professor

a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor

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substitute

an object or thing used in place of another

Ex: Soya milk is a common substitute for dairy milk in vegan diets. 
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individual
individual
[Adjective]

considered a separate or distinct entity

Ex: Each individual case is unique and requires careful consideration. 
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frequency
frequency
[noun]

the specific number of waves that pass a point every second

Ex: In physics, frequency is measured in hertz, which represents the number of waves passing a point per second. 
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tone
tone
[noun]

a vocal or musical sound with a particular pitch, intensity, and quality

Ex: The musician experimented with different tones to find the best one for the piece. 
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pitch
pitch
[noun]

the degree of highness or lowness of a tone that is determined by the frequency of waves producing it

Ex: She adjusted the pitch of her voice to match the melody of the song perfectly. 
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to cup
to cup
[Verb]

to shape one's hands in a rounded or curved manner

Ex: She cupped her hands to catch the raindrops falling from the sky. 
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to adjust
to adjust
[Verb]

to slightly alter or move something in order to improve it or make it work better

Ex: The musician often adjusts the tuning of his guitar before each performance. 
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direction
direction
[noun]

the position that someone or something faces, points, or moves toward

Ex: She looked in the direction of the sound, curious about what was happening nearby. 
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ambiguity
ambiguity
[noun]

the state of being unclear due to multiple possible meanings

Ex: Without specific dates in the old letter, there was ambiguity about when the events actually occurred. 
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to distinguish

to recognize and mentally separate two things, people, etc.

Ex: The detective could distinguish the authentic painting from the clever forgery. 
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repetition

the act of doing or performing something again

Ex: The athlete's success was due to the repetition of his training routine. 
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context
context
[noun]

the surrounding discourse that provides clarity and understanding to a language unit, helping to determine its interpretation

Ex: Without context, the sentence "He went to the bank" could mean different things. 
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to [make] {oneself} understood

to express one's thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively so that others can understand them easily

Ex: I want all of this cleaned up right now, or I'll take away your video games for the weekend. Have I made myself understood? 
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shepherd
shepherd
[noun]

a person who protects a large group of sheep as a job

Ex: The shepherd guided the flock across the valley. 
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folk
folk
[noun]

a group of people who share the same culture, usually in traditional societies

Ex: The folk of the region have preserved their ancient traditions for centuries. 
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novel
novel
[Adjective]

new and unlike anything else

Ex: Her novel approach to problem-solving impressed the entire team with its creativity and effectiveness. 
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up to
up to
[preposition]

indicating that the quantity or count mentioned does not exceed a specified value

Ex: The restaurant can accommodate up to 5 people at each table. 
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via
via
[preposition]

by means of a particular person, system, etc.

Ex: She sent me a message via WhatsApp. 
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command
command
[noun]

an order, particularly given by someone in a position of authority

Ex: The general issued a command for the troops to advance towards the enemy positions. 
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neuroimaging

a variety of techniques used to visualize the structure and function of the brain and nervous system

Ex: Advances in neuroimaging have revolutionized how we diagnose brain disorders. 
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to contrast

to compare two people or things so that their differences are noticeable

Ex: She is currently contrasting the different approaches to problem-solving. 
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temporal lobe

a region of the brain responsible for auditory processing, memory, language comprehension, and visual perception

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frontal lobe

a region of the brain responsible for cognitive functions such as decision-making or problem-solving

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to respond

to do something or provide a reply based on what others have done or said

Ex: They responded to the emergency by sending medical assistance to the affected area. 
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in response to
in response to
[preposition]

as a reaction or answer to something

Ex: In response to customer feedback, the company is launching a new and improved product. 
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capacity
capacity
[noun]

the ability or power to achieve something or develop into a certain state in the future

Ex: With the right training, he has the capacity to become a world-class athlete. 
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left hemisphere

the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body

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independent
independent
[Adjective]

free from external control, influence, or constraint

Ex: He remained independent despite pressures from his peers. 
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modality
modality
[noun]

the way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition

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origin
origin
[noun]

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

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obscure
obscure
[Adjective]

not well-known or widely recognized

Ex: The scientist published his findings in an obscure journal that few in the field had heard of. 
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indigenous
indigenous
[Adjective]

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

Ex: The government implemented policies to protect the rights and traditions of indigenous peoples living in remote areas. 
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to conquer

to gain control of a place or people using armed forces

Ex: The army worked strategically to conquer the enemy's territory. 
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pocket
pocket
[noun]

a small isolated group of people

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isolated
isolated
[Adjective]

feeling or being disconnected from others, either physically or socially

Ex: Not participating in the team activities, the new employee appeared isolated in the workplace, struggling to integrate with colleagues. 
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to threaten

to indicate a potential danger or risk to someone or something

Ex: His aggressive behavior began to threaten the safety of those around him. 
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extinction

a situation in which a particular animal or plant no longer exists

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dwindling
dwindling
[Adjective]

gradually decreasing until little remains

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islander
islander
[noun]

an inhabitant of an island

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to [take] a step

to make progress or take action toward achieving something

Ex: She took a step toward improving her health by starting a fitness program. 
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elementary school

a primary school for the first six or eight grades

Ex: She enrolled her daughter in the nearest elementary school for the first grade. 
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to declare

to officially tell people something

Ex: The country's leaders gathered to declare their independence from colonial rule. 
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to preserve

to protect something against danger or harm

Ex: It's important to preserve natural habitats to protect endangered species. 
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under threat
under threat
[Adverb]

in a situation where something harmful or dangerous is likely to happen, often due to a warning or risk

Ex: The country's economy is under threat due to rising inflation. 
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