Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2

at or to a certain distance away in physical space

(of an area) having a lot of mountains

(of a surface) having a sharp slope or angle, making it difficult to climb or walk up

having a surface that is covered with large, uneven, or rough rocks, stones, or boulders

a raised landform, hill, or incline

covered with growing trees and bushes etc

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

the action of producing a sound to signal, summon, or attract attention

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

to convey or communicate something, such as information, ideas, or emotions, from one person to another

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

to provide clarification, understanding, or insight into a topic, situation, or problem

to make a connection between someone or something and another in the mind

in a way that is unusually impressive, effective, or surprising

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

to understand or assign meaning to something

the area or extent within which something operates, has influence, or exercises control

to completely understand, acknowledge, or become aware of the existence, validity, or importance of something

a person who collaborates with one or more individuals in writing a book, article, or other work

a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor

an object or thing used in place of another

considered a separate or distinct entity

the specific number of waves that pass a point every second

a vocal or musical sound with a particular pitch, intensity, and quality

the degree of highness or lowness of a tone that is determined by the frequency of waves producing it

to shape one's hands in a rounded or curved manner

to slightly alter or move something in order to improve it or make it work better

the position that someone or something faces, points, or moves toward

the state of being unclear due to multiple possible meanings

to recognize and mentally separate two things, people, etc.

the act of doing or performing something again

the surrounding discourse that provides clarity and understanding to a language unit, helping to determine its interpretation

to express one's thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively so that others can understand them easily

a person who protects a large group of sheep as a job

a group of people who share the same culture, usually in traditional societies

new and unlike anything else

indicating that the quantity or count mentioned does not exceed a specified value

by means of a particular person, system, etc.

an order, particularly given by someone in a position of authority

a variety of techniques used to visualize the structure and function of the brain and nervous system

to compare two people or things so that their differences are noticeable

a region of the brain responsible for auditory processing, memory, language comprehension, and visual perception

a region of the brain responsible for cognitive functions such as decision-making or problem-solving

to do something or provide a reply based on what others have done or said

as a reaction or answer to something

the ability or power to achieve something or develop into a certain state in the future

the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body

free from external control, influence, or constraint

the way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

not well-known or widely recognized

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

to gain control of a place or people using armed forces

a small isolated group of people

feeling or being disconnected from others, either physically or socially

to indicate a potential danger or risk to someone or something

a situation in which a particular animal or plant no longer exists

gradually decreasing until little remains

an inhabitant of an island

to make progress or take action toward achieving something

a primary school for the first six or eight grades

to officially tell people something

to protect something against danger or harm

in a situation where something harmful or dangerous is likely to happen, often due to a warning or risk