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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 in the Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic
off
off
[Adverb]

at or to a certain distance away in physical space

Ex: They built the new barn a bit off from the old one.
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mountainous
mountainous
[Adjective]

(of an area) having a lot of mountains

Ex: Exploring the mountainous terrain required careful preparation and gear .
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steep
steep
[Adjective]

(of a surface) having a sharp slope or angle, making it difficult to climb or walk up

Ex: He hesitated to ski down the steep slope , knowing it would be a thrilling but risky adventure .
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rocky
rocky
[Adjective]

having a surface that is covered with large, uneven, or rough rocks, stones, or boulders

Ex: The landscape was rocky and craggy , with cliffs rising steeply from the valley below .
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slope
slope
[noun]

a raised landform, hill, or incline

Ex: A landslide occurred on the unstable slope.
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wooded
wooded
[Adjective]

covered with growing trees and bushes etc

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ravine
ravine
[noun]

a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually worn by a stream

Ex: Geologists study the formation of ravines to understand how water shapes the Earth 's surface over millennia .
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whistle
whistle
[noun]

the action of producing a sound to signal, summon, or attract attention

Ex: I heard a whistle I think .
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means
means
[noun]

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

Ex: Art can be a means of expressing complex emotions and ideas .
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to transmit

to convey or communicate something, such as information, ideas, or emotions, from one person to another

Ex: Skilled diplomats work to transmit the intentions and concerns of their respective governments to reach mutual agreements .
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terrain
terrain
[noun]

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

Ex: Farmers adapted their cultivation techniques to suit the varying terrain of their land , employing terracing on slopes and irrigation systems in low-lying areas to optimize agricultural productivity .
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to [shed] light on {sth}

to provide clarification, understanding, or insight into a topic, situation, or problem

Ex: The old letters shed light on her decision to leave the city.
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to associate

to make a connection between someone or something and another in the mind

Ex: The color red is commonly associated with passion and intensity across various cultures .
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remarkably
remarkably
[Adverb]

in a way that is unusually impressive, effective, or surprising

Ex: Despite the challenges , she responded remarkably with poise and clarity .
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flexible
flexible
[Adjective]

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

Ex: His flexible attitude made it easy for friends to rely on him in tough times .
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to interpret

to understand or assign meaning to something

Ex: Criminal investigators interpret clues to reconstruct the sequence of events in a crime .
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scope
scope
[noun]

the area or extent within which something operates, has influence, or exercises control

Ex: Within the scope of her duties , she could approve minor expenses .
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to recognize

to completely understand, acknowledge, or become aware of the existence, validity, or importance of something

Ex: Recognizing her own limitations , she sought help from a professional to improve her skills .
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co-author
co-author
[noun]

a person who collaborates with one or more individuals in writing a book, article, or other work

Ex: The novel had a co-author who contributed to the plot development .
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associate professor

a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor

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substitute

an object or thing used in place of another

Ex: Almond flour is often used as a substitute for wheat flour in gluten-free baking .
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individual
individual
[Adjective]

considered a separate or distinct entity

Ex: The study focused on individual differences in learning styles among children .
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frequency
frequency
[noun]

the specific number of waves that pass a point every second

Ex: Higher frequencies of light , such as ultraviolet and X-rays , have shorter wavelengths .
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tone
tone
[noun]

a vocal or musical sound with a particular pitch, intensity, and quality

Ex: The violinist ’s tone, which was smooth and expressive , perfectly captured the emotional essence of the classical piece being performed .
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pitch
pitch
[noun]

the degree of highness or lowness of a tone that is determined by the frequency of waves producing it

Ex: The orchestra conductor emphasized the importance of maintaining consistent pitch throughout the performance .
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to cup
to cup
[Verb]

to shape one's hands in a rounded or curved manner

Ex: He cupped his hands together , creating a makeshift container for the stray kitten .
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to adjust
to adjust
[Verb]

to slightly alter or move something in order to improve it or make it work better

Ex: Right now , the technician is adjusting the thermostat for better temperature control .
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direction
direction
[noun]

the position that someone or something faces, points, or moves toward

Ex: The teacher pointed in the direction of the library when the students asked where to find more resources .
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ambiguity
ambiguity
[noun]

the state of being unclear due to multiple possible meanings

Ex: To avoid any ambiguity, it 's important to define all the terms before drafting the agreement .
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to distinguish

to recognize and mentally separate two things, people, etc.

Ex: She easily distinguishes between different types of flowers in the garden .
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repetition

the act of doing or performing something again

Ex: The project 's success relied on the repetition of standard procedures .
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context
context
[noun]

the surrounding discourse that provides clarity and understanding to a language unit, helping to determine its interpretation

Ex: The context provided by the surrounding paragraphs made the meaning of the word clear .
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to [make] {oneself} understood

to express one's thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively so that others can understand them easily

Ex: They needed to find a way to make themselves understood despite the language barrier.
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shepherd
shepherd
[noun]

a person who protects a large group of sheep as a job

Ex: The shepherd led the sheep back to the pen at sunset .
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folk
folk
[noun]

a group of people who share the same culture, usually in traditional societies

Ex: The music of the folk is rich with historical and cultural significance .
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novel
novel
[Adjective]

new and unlike anything else

Ex: He came up with a novel strategy to improve sales .
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up to
up to
[preposition]

indicating that the quantity or count mentioned does not exceed a specified value

Ex: You can invite up to ten guests to the party .
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via
via
[preposition]

by means of a particular person, system, etc.

Ex: Reports are coming in via satellite .
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command
command
[noun]

an order, particularly given by someone in a position of authority

Ex: The police chief gave a strict command for officers to maintain order during the protest .
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neuroimaging

a variety of techniques used to visualize the structure and function of the brain and nervous system

Ex: Researchers used neuroimaging to observe the brain's response during memory tasks.
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to contrast

to compare two people or things so that their differences are noticeable

Ex: When you contrast the two cities , you 'll see clear differences in their cultures .
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temporal lobe

a region of the brain responsible for auditory processing, memory, language comprehension, and visual perception

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frontal lobe

a region of the brain responsible for cognitive functions such as decision-making or problem-solving

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to respond

to do something or provide a reply based on what others have done or said

Ex: They responded to the protest by initiating a dialogue with the demonstrators .
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in response to
in response to
[preposition]

as a reaction or answer to something

Ex: In response to the feedback received , we have made several improvements to the product .
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capacity
capacity
[noun]

the ability or power to achieve something or develop into a certain state in the future

Ex: The city has the capacity to handle a larger population with the planned infrastructure upgrades .
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left hemisphere

the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body

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independent
independent
[Adjective]

free from external control, influence, or constraint

Ex: Independent organizations monitor environmental compliance .
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modality
modality
[noun]

the way in which language expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude, opinion, or degree of certainty regarding a statement or proposition

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origin
origin
[noun]

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

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obscure
obscure
[Adjective]

not well-known or widely recognized

Ex: The philosopher ’s ideas remained obscure until they were revived by contemporary scholars .
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indigenous
indigenous
[Adjective]

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

Ex: Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing, prompting efforts to preserve and revitalize them.
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to conquer

to gain control of a place or people using armed forces

Ex: Throughout history , powerful empires sought to conquer new lands .
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pocket
pocket
[noun]

a small isolated group of people

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isolated
isolated
[Adjective]

feeling or being disconnected from others, either physically or socially

Ex: Not sharing his thoughts with others , he remained isolated in his emotions , struggling with inner turmoil .
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to threaten

to indicate a potential danger or risk to someone or something

Ex: The lack of cybersecurity measures could threaten the integrity of sensitive information .
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extinction

a situation in which a particular animal or plant no longer exists

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dwindling
dwindling
[Adjective]

gradually decreasing until little remains

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islander
islander
[noun]

an inhabitant of an island

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to [take] a step

to make progress or take action toward achieving something

Ex: They took a step toward recovery by seeking professional help.
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elementary school

a primary school for the first six or eight grades

Ex: He works as a teacher at an elementary school, specializing in science education .
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to declare

to officially tell people something

Ex: He declared his intention to run for mayor in the upcoming election .
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to preserve

to protect something against danger or harm

Ex: The environmental organization campaigns to preserve wetlands as crucial ecosystems for wildlife and water purification .
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under threat
under threat
[Adverb]

in a situation where something harmful or dangerous is likely to happen, often due to a warning or risk

Ex: He gave in to the demands under threat of harm .
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