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SAT Natural Sciences - Electromagnetism and Mechanics

Here you will learn some English words related to electromagnetism and mechanics, such as "torque", "anode", and "circuit", that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
voltage
voltage
[noun]

the measure of electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, expressed in volts

Ex: Measure the voltage between the two ends of the resistor. 
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resistor
resistor
[noun]

an electrical component designed to limit or control the flow of electric current in a circuit, typically by providing resistance

Ex: In electronic circuits, resistors are commonly used to regulate the flow of current and protect sensitive components. 
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circuit
circuit
[noun]

the complete circle through which an electric current flows, typically consists of the source of electric energy

Ex: The electrical circuit is designed to power the light bulb when the switch is turned on. 
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semiconductor

a solid substance that conducts electricity or heat better than insulators, but not as well as most metals

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superconductivity

a phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled to extremely low temperatures

Ex: Scientists are researching new materials to achieve superconductivity at higher temperatures. 
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to electrify

to apply an electric charge to a conductor

Ex: The technician used a special device to electrify the metal rod for the experiment. 
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electrode
electrode
[noun]

a conductor through which electricity travels to or from an object, such as batteries

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static electricity

a form of electricity generated by friction between two materials, resulting in an imbalance of electric charges on their surfaces

Ex: When you shuffle your feet on a carpet, static electricity builds up, causing a shock when you touch a doorknob. 
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rechargeable
rechargeable
[Adjective]

(of a battery or device) capable of being supplied with electrical power again

Ex: The flashlight runs on rechargeable batteries. 
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generator
generator
[noun]

a machine that produces electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy

Ex: The hydroelectric generator harnesses the power of flowing water to produce electricity for nearby communities. 
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anode
anode
[noun]

a positively charged electrode in an electrical device where oxidation occurs, resulting in the release of electrons

Ex: The anode of the X-ray tube emits electrons when heated, producing X-rays for medical imaging. 
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cathode
cathode
[noun]

a negatively charged electrode within an electrical device, from which electrons flow out into the external circuit

Ex: The cathode of the battery supplies electrons to the external circuit when the device is in use. 
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solar cell

a device that converts the energy of the sun into electricity

Ex: A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity. 
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solar irradiance

the amount of solar energy received per unit area on Earth's surface

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radiation
radiation
[noun]

energy transmitted through space or matter in the form of waves or particles

Ex: The sun emits radiation that warms the Earth. 
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photovoltaic
photovoltaic
[Adjective]

related to the technology that turns sunlight directly into electricity

Ex: Solar panels use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. 
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electromagnetic
electromagnetic
[Adjective]

referring to the combined interaction of electric and magnetic fields, often associated with waves or radiation

Ex: Light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum. 
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magnetic field

an invisible area around a magnetic object where magnetic forces can attract or repel other objects

Ex: The Earth has a magnetic field that helps guide the navigation of compasses. 
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lever
lever
[noun]

a long rigid bar that is put under a heavy object in order to move it

Ex: He used a lever to lift the heavy rock from the ground. 
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fulcrum
fulcrum
[noun]

a point or support on which a lever pivots or rotates in order to lift or move objects

Ex: The plank acted as a fulcrum for the seesaw, allowing the children to take turns going up and down. 
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vibration
vibration
[noun]

the rapid back-and-forth movement of an object

Ex: The vibration of the phone on the table alerted her to an incoming call. 
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torque
torque
[noun]

a rotational force measured in newton-meters or foot-pounds

Ex: The wrench applied torque to loosen the stubborn nut on the bolt. 
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spring constant

a measure of a spring's stiffness, indicating how much force is needed to stretch or compress it

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counterweight

a mass used to provide balance to another mass

Ex: The elevator uses a counterweight to help lift and lower the car smoothly. 
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supersonic
supersonic
[Adjective]

having a speed greater than that of sound

Ex: The fighter jet can travel at supersonic speeds, making it highly agile in aerial combat. 
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acceleration

(physics) the increase in velocity over time

Ex: Acceleration measures how quickly an object's speed changes. 
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terminal velocity

the constant speed reached by a falling object when the drag force equals the gravitational force pulling it downward, resulting in no further acceleration

Ex: Skydivers reach terminal velocity during their freefall before deploying their parachutes. 
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aviation
aviation
[noun]

the study of the design, development, and operation of aircrafts, focusing on principles of aerodynamics, propulsion, and material science

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hydraulics

a branch of science and engineering that deals with the mechanical properties of liquids, particularly their behavior in confined spaces and under pressure

Ex: Many agricultural implements, like tractors and plows, use hydraulics for performing various tasks on the field. 
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robotics
robotics
[noun]

an area of technology that is concerned with the study or use of robots

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gravity
gravity
[noun]

(physics) the universal force of attraction between any pair of objects with mass

Ex: Gravity is what keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun and the Moon in orbit around the Earth. 
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