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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - The Computer World

Here you will learn some English words about the computer world, such as "hardware", "input", "crash", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
software
software
[noun]

the programs that a computer uses to perform specific tasks

Ex: She installed new software to help design her website. 
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hardware
hardware
[noun]

the physical and electronic parts of a computer or other similar system

Ex: The technician replaced the faulty hardware to fix the computer. 
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operating system

the most fundamental software that manages a computer, cell phone, etc., hardware and provides a platform for running applications

Ex: The operating system controls how the computer runs and manages applications. 
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flash drive

a small device used for storing data or transferring data between electronic devices

Ex: I transferred the presentation to a flash drive so that I could easily share it with my colleagues. 
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to install

to add a piece of software to a computer system

Ex: I need to install the latest version of Microsoft Office on my computer for work. 
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input
input
[noun]

(computing) the act of inserting information into a computer

Ex: The user typed text into the computer, providing input that the word processor used to create a document. 
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to load
to load
[Verb]

to move data or a program from a local storage device into the memory of a computer

Ex: The software engineer needs to load the updated application into the server for testing. 
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to refresh

(computing) to update a display, internet page, etc. and make the most recent information appear

Ex: You need to refresh the browser to view the updated content. 
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server
server
[noun]

a computer that gives other computers access to files and information in a network

Ex: The company's server stores all employee files and emails. 
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database
database
[noun]

a large structure of data stored in a computer that makes accessing necessary information easier

Ex: The company's customer database contained detailed records of all client interactions and transactions. 
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desktop
desktop
[noun]

an area on a computer where the icons of programs are displayed

Ex: The file shortcut is saved on the desktop. 
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cursor
cursor
[noun]

a movable mark on a computer screen that indicates where the user is working

Ex: Move the cursor to the desired location and click to select. 
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to upgrade

to improve a machine, computer system, etc. in terms of efficiency, standards, etc.

Ex: The company upgrades its software regularly to enhance performance. 
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compatible
compatible
[Adjective]

having the ability to work with different devices, machines, etc.

Ex: The new printer is compatible with both Windows and Mac operating systems, ensuring flexibility for users. 
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to crash
to crash
[Verb]

(computing) to suddenly stop working

Ex: The application crashed while he was saving his work, causing him to lose unsaved data. 
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down
down
[Adjective]

(of a computer system) not working temporarily or properly

Ex: The company's website was down for maintenance, causing inconvenience for online shoppers. 
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to run
to run
[Verb]

(of computer programs) to function and execute its tasks

Ex: The computer system administrator scheduled the maintenance task to run during off-peak hours. 
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to scroll
to scroll
[Verb]

to move what is being displayed on a computer or smartphone screen up or down to see different parts of it

Ex: He scrolled down the webpage to read the full article. 
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to cut
to cut
[Verb]

to remove part of a digital text in order to put it elsewhere

Ex: She cut a paragraph from her essay and pasted it into the conclusion section. 
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command
command
[noun]

an instruction that tells a computer to perform a specific task or function

Ex: She entered the command to save the document before closing the application. 
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to code
to code
[Verb]

to write a computer program using specific instructions

Ex: She coded a new software application to automate tasks at work. 
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to computerize

to use computers to perform a task or do a particular job

Ex: The company decided to computerize its inventory management system to improve efficiency. 
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to back up

to make a copy of computer digital data

Ex: I'll back up my important documents before the software update. 
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data processing

a set of actions done on data by a computer to have a certain result

Ex: The company invested in advanced data processing software to streamline its operations and improve efficiency. 
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artificial intelligence

a field of science that deals with creating programs able to learn or copy human behavior

Ex: This chatbot is powered by advanced artificial intelligence. 
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firewall
firewall
[noun]

(computing) a computer program whose task is providing protection against cyber attacks by limiting outside access of data

Ex: The company installed a firewall to prevent hackers from accessing sensitive data on its internal network. 
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antivirus
antivirus
[Adjective]

having the ability to protect a system from viruses by finding and destroying them

Ex: The new antivirus software boasts advanced features for protecting systems from malicious viruses and malware. 
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machine learning

a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn how to perform specific operations without previous instructions

Ex: Machine learning powers the recommendation engine on the streaming platform. 
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programming

the process of writing a computer program

Ex: She learned programming to create custom software applications for her business. 
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to process

to handle and work with data by operating on them in a computer

Ex: The computer program processed the input data, performing calculations and generating the desired output. 
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virtual reality

an artificial environment generated by a computer that makes the user think what they are seeing or hearing is real, by using a special headphone and a helmet that displays the generated environment

Ex: Virtual reality allows users to explore immersive 3D worlds. 
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passcode
passcode
[noun]

a specific group of letters, numbers, etc. that one needs to enter in order to access a computer or smartphone

Ex: He quickly entered his passcode to unlock his smartphone and check the messages. 
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application

a computer program designed to perform a specific task for a user

Ex: I installed a photo editing application on my laptop. 
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random-access memory

a type of computer memory tasked with temporarily storing data for a quicker access

Ex: The new gaming laptop boasts 16GB of RAM for smooth multitasking and faster loading times. 
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developer
developer
[noun]

a person or company that designs and produces applications, video games, etc.

Ex: The developer released a new update for the popular app. 
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