Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (2)

people born and living at approximately the same period of time

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

(biology) a series of transformations and events that happen in an animal or plant's lifetime

used to emphasize or confirm a statement

the point or degree to which something extends

without being exact

used to describe the typical or average value or amount based on a set of data or observations

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

having all the necessary tools, supplies, or features for a specific purpose

to handle a difficult situation and deal with it successfully

to gradually get used to or become comfortable with a new situation or reality

affected or strained by a force, influence, or condition

with a lack of desire or a sense of resistance

not according to nature; not by natural means

to make an effort to achieve or obtain something

to collect various items or pieces of information into one place or format

information or facts collected to be used for various purposes

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

to present an idea, opinion, or argument for consideration, often in a formal or structured setting

someone who has a strong interest in a particular activity, subject, or hobby, and really loves learning about it and doing it

to guess the value, number, quantity, size, etc. of something without exact calculation

a large quantity or amount of something

the spatial or geographic property of being scattered about over a range, area, or volume

together with something else

in a manner emphasizing the important nature of an action, event, or situation

difficult to notice or detect because of its slight or delicate nature

fully developed and mature

something that is subject to change and can affect the result of a situation

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

having a possibility of happening or being the case

the process of gradually coming into existence

to be the influencing factor that causes something to make progress

considered a separate or distinct entity

before the present moment or a specific time

an overall way in which something is changing or developing

the point or degree to which something extends

pleasantly small and attractive, often implying a sense of elegance

used to convey that someone or something is conforming to a particular standard, guideline, or expectation

(physics) force that produces strain on a physical body

to compel or force someone or something to come along against their will

during a period of time

(biology) a community of plants or animals that live close to each other in the same place

to the direction of north