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Opinion and Argument - Argumentation and Persuasion

Here you will learn some English words related to argumentation and persuasion such as "pitch", "keystone", and "invoke".

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Words Related to Opinion and Argument
to generalize

to form a broad conclusion or principle by considering specific instances

Ex: Scientists generalize results from a small study to a larger population. 
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given that
given that
[conjunction]

used to express that one is considering a particular fact before sharing one's opinion or making a judgment

Ex: Given that it was raining heavily, we decided to postpone the picnic. 
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hair-splitting

‌the act of making petty distinctions or arguing about insignificant details and differences

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hearing
hearing
[noun]

an occasion or opportunity to present one's views and be listened to

Ex: Every citizen deserves a fair hearing before judgment. 
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high ground

the most advantageous position in an argument or discussion that grants one moral or ethical superiority

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to [hold] water

(of an argument, theory, etc.) to be believable or supported by evidence

Ex: His excuse doesn't hold water; the camera shows he was there. 
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in effect
in effect
[Adverb]

used to indicate that a rule or law is being operated

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in the first place

used to explain the main reason or starting point of a situation

Ex: I don't want to go in the first place, I'm tired, and secondly, I can't afford it. 
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to invalidate

to prove that something is incorrect or flawed, making it not acceptable or reliable

Ex: The new evidence invalidated the previous hypothesis. 
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invalidation

the act of making or proving a belief, idea, argument, etc. wrong

Ex: The court ordered the invalidation of the contract. 
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to invoke
to invoke
[Verb]

to mention someone or something of prominence as a support or reason for an argument or action

Ex: She invoked the words of Gandhi to inspire her audience during the speech. 
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keystone
keystone
[noun]

a central element or factor that provides essential support or cohesion to a system or concept

Ex: Trust is the keystone of any successful relationship. 
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to [labor] the point

to describe or stress something excessively when it is already understood

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to lay out

to explain something clearly and in detail

Ex: The lawyer laid out the case for the jury, explaining the evidence and the arguments in detail. 
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pitch
pitch
[noun]

a presentation or argument intended to persuade or promote a product, idea, or service

Ex: The entrepreneur delivers a pitch to investors. 
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to [play] {one's} ace

‌to use one's best resource and do something clever and unexpected that gives one an advantage over others

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to plead
to plead
[Verb]

to state something as an excuse

Ex: The defense lawyer pleaded self-defense, arguing that the defendant acted to protect himself from imminent harm. 
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point
point
[noun]

the most important thing that is said or done which highlights the purpose of something

Ex: The professor made a crucial point about the importance of environmental conservation. 
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to point
to point
[Verb]

to suggest that something is probable or certain

Ex: The dark clouds point to the likelihood of rain later in the day. 
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polemic
polemic
[noun]

a speech or piece of writing that strongly criticizes someone or something

Ex: His polemic against modern art sparked heated debate. 
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polemics
polemics
[noun]

the art of arguing for or against someone or something, such as a particular idea or opinion

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polemical
polemical
[Adjective]

of or relating to strong arguments meant to criticize or defend a particular opinion, person, idea, etc.

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to posit
to posit
[Verb]

to propose or assume something as true or factual, serving as the foundation for further reasoning or argumentation

Ex: In the scientific hypothesis, researchers often posit certain conditions to explore their potential effects on the experiment. 
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premise
premise
[noun]

a theory or statement that acts as the foundation of an argument

Ex: The entire debate was based on the premise that economic growth benefits all members of society. 
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to [press|hammer] {sth} home

to forcefully make a point in an argument or discussion to ensure that there are no misunderstandings

Ex: The politician hammered home the importance of voting, reminding his constituents that their votes were their voices and that they had the power to make a difference. 
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presupposition

something that one perceives to be true, even though it remains to be proved, especially at the beginning of an argument

Ex: The debate began with the presupposition that economic growth leads to job creation. 
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prong
prong
[noun]

each separate part of an argument, plan, etc.

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proof
proof
[noun]

the act or process of testing or verifying the truth of something through evidence or argument

Ex: The scientist conducted proof of the new method. 
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to prove
to prove
[Verb]

to show that something is true through the use of evidence or facts

Ex: He often proves his point through well-researched arguments. 
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to [put] it to {sb}

to introduce a plan or suggestion to a group of individuals so that they decide whether to accept it or not

Ex: It's an interesting proposal. I'll put it to the board of directors next week. 
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