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Aklat English File - Itaas na Intermediate - Aralin 8A

Dito mo makikita ang bokabularyo mula sa Lesson 8A sa English File Upper Intermediate coursebook, tulad ng "magnakaw", "swindler", "vandalism", atbp.

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English File - Upper Intermediate
crime
[Pangngalan]

an unlawful act that is punishable by the legal system

krimen,  kasalanan

krimen, kasalanan

Ex: The increase in violent crime has made residents feel unsafe .Ang pagtaas ng marahas na **krimen** ay nagpafeeling unsafe sa mga residente.
punishment
[Pangngalan]

the act of making someone suffer because they have done something illegal or wrong

parusa, paghihirap

parusa, paghihirap

Ex: He accepted his punishment without complaint .Tinanggap niya ang kanyang **parusa** nang walang reklamo.
to burgle
[Pandiwa]

to illegally enter a place in order to commit theft

magnakaw, looban

magnakaw, looban

Ex: The thieves attempted to burgle the house while the owners were away on vacation .Sinubukan ng mga magnanakaw na **nakawin** ang bahay habang wala sa bakasyon ang mga may-ari.
burglar
[Pangngalan]

someone who illegally enters a place in order to steal something

magnanakaw, tulis

magnanakaw, tulis

Ex: The burglar was caught on surveillance cameras , making it easy for the police to identify and arrest him .Ang **magnanakaw** ay nahuli sa surveillance cameras, na nagpadali sa pulisya na kilalanin at arestuhin siya.
to break into
[Pandiwa]

to use force to enter a building, vehicle, or other enclosed space, usually for the purpose of theft

pumasok nang sapilitan, siraan ang pasukan

pumasok nang sapilitan, siraan ang pasukan

Ex: The security system prevented the burglars from breaking into the house.Pinigilan ng sistema ng seguridad ang mga magnanakaw na **pumasok nang sapilitan** sa bahay.
to steal
[Pandiwa]

to take something from someone or somewhere without permission or paying for it

magnakaw, umit

magnakaw, umit

Ex: While we were at the party , someone was stealing valuables from the guests .Habang nasa party kami, may isang taong **nagnanakaw** ng mga mahahalagang bagay mula sa mga bisita.
burglary
[Pangngalan]

the crime of entering a building to commit illegal activities such as stealing, damaging property, etc.

pagnanakaw, pagsalakay

pagnanakaw, pagsalakay

Ex: During the trial , evidence of the defendant ’s involvement in the burglary was overwhelming .Sa panahon ng paglilitis, ang ebidensya ng pagkakasangkot ng nasasakdal sa **pagnanakaw** ay napakalaki.
blackmail
[Pangngalan]

the crime of demanding money or benefits from someone by threatening to reveal secret or sensitive information about them

pangingikil, panunakot

pangingikil, panunakot

Ex: The police launched an investigation into a case of blackmail involving threatening letters sent to a local politician .Inilunsad ng pulisya ang isang imbestigasyon sa isang kaso ng **blackmail** na kinasasangkutan ng mga nagbabantang liham na ipinadala sa isang lokal na politiko.
blackmailer
[Pangngalan]

someone who demands services or money in exchange for not revealing harmful information or doing something harmful

manghihiya, manunuhol

manghihiya, manunuhol

Ex: The blackmailer was arrested after it was discovered that they had been extorting several people for years .Ang **blackmailer** ay inaresto matapos na matuklasan na siya ay nangongotong sa ilang tao sa loob ng maraming taon.
bribery
[Pangngalan]

the act of offering money to an authority to gain advantage

pagsuhol,  korupsyon

pagsuhol, korupsyon

Ex: The anti-corruption campaign aims to raise awareness about the dangers of bribery in both public and private sectors .Ang kampanya laban sa katiwalian ay naglalayong itaas ang kamalayan sa mga panganib ng **pagsuhol** sa parehong pampubliko at pribadong sektor.
to bribe
[Pandiwa]

to persuade someone to do something, often illegal, by giving them an amount of money or something of value

magbigay ng suhol, humingi ng suhol

magbigay ng suhol, humingi ng suhol

Ex: The whistleblower came forward with information about a scheme to bribe public officials for construction permits .Ang whistleblower ay naglabas ng impormasyon tungkol sa isang scheme upang **suholin** ang mga public official para sa mga construction permit.
drug dealer
[Pangngalan]

an individual who sells illegal drugs such as narcotics, opioids, etc.

drug dealer, nagbebenta ng ipinagbabawal na gamot

drug dealer, nagbebenta ng ipinagbabawal na gamot

Ex: The novel portrays the life of a drug dealer who starts questioning the morality of his actions .Ang nobela ay naglalarawan ng buhay ng isang **drug dealer** na nagsisimulang magtanong tungkol sa moralidad ng kanyang mga aksyon.
to sell
[Pandiwa]

to give something to someone in exchange for money

ipagbili, ibenta

ipagbili, ibenta

Ex: The company plans to sell its new product in international markets .Plano ng kumpanya na **ibenta** ang bagong produkto nito sa mga pandaigdigang merkado.
drug
[Pangngalan]

any illegal substance that people take in order to experience its mental or physical effects

droga, ipinagbabawal na gamot

droga, ipinagbabawal na gamot

Ex: The use of drugs can lead to devastating consequences , including overdose , incarceration , and fractured relationships .Ang paggamit ng **droga** ay maaaring magdulot ng mga nakapipinsalang kahihinatnan, kabilang ang overdose, pagkakakulong, at nasirang relasyon.
fraud
[Pangngalan]

the act of cheating in order to make illegal money

panloloko, pandaraya

panloloko, pandaraya

Ex: She was shocked to learn that her identity had been stolen and used for fraud, leaving her with a damaged credit score .Nagulat siya nang malaman na ang kanyang pagkakakilanlan ay ninakaw at ginamit para sa **panloloko**, na nag-iwan sa kanya ng sira na credit score.
fraudster
[Pangngalan]

a person who deceives others to gain money, particularly in business transactions

manloloko, swindler

manloloko, swindler

Ex: The fraudster was sentenced to prison after the authorities uncovered his elaborate scheme to manipulate insurance claims .Ang **manloloko** ay hinatulan ng pagkabilanggo matapos matagpuan ng mga awtoridad ang kanyang masalimuot na plano upang manipulahin ang mga claim sa insurance.
to commit
[Pandiwa]

to do a particular thing that is unlawful or wrong

gumawa, isagawa

gumawa, isagawa

Ex: The hacker was apprehended for committing cybercrimes , including unauthorized access to sensitive information .Nahuli ang hacker dahil sa **pagkasala** ng mga cybercrime, kasama ang hindi awtorisadong pag-access sa sensitibong impormasyon.
to hack
[Pandiwa]

(computing) to illegally access a computer system, network, or online account in order to find, use, or change the information it contains

mag-hack, ilusot ang sistema

mag-hack, ilusot ang sistema

Ex: The cybercriminals attempted to hack into the company's database to steal sensitive customer data.Sinubukan ng mga cybercriminal na **i-hack** ang database ng kumpanya upang nakawin ang sensitibong data ng customer.
hacker
[Pangngalan]

someone who uses computers to illegally access someone else's computer or phone

hacker, manghahack

hacker, manghahack

Ex: Hackers often exploit software vulnerabilities to infiltrate computer systems .Ang mga **hacker** ay madalas na nag-e-exploit ng mga vulnerability ng software upang makapasok sa mga computer system.
to hijack
[Pandiwa]

to forcefully take control of a vehicle, like an airplane, often to take hostages or change its course

agawin, sakupin

agawin, sakupin

Ex: Over the years , criminals have occasionally hijacked vehicles for ransom .Sa paglipas ng mga taon, paminsan-minsan ay **hinijack** ng mga kriminal ang mga sasakyan para sa ransom.
hijacker
[Pangngalan]

someone who uses threats or violence to take control of a moving vehicle, particularly an airplane, to forcefully change the destination or demand something

hijacker, magnanakaw ng sasakyan

hijacker, magnanakaw ng sasakyan

Ex: The passengers were terrified when a hijacker took over the bus , but the driver remained calm and managed to alert the authorities .Natakot ang mga pasahero nang sakupin ng isang **hijacker** ang bus, ngunit nanatiling kalmado ang drayber at nagawang alertuhan ang mga awtoridad.
kidnapper
[Pangngalan]

someone who takes an individual away and holds them in captivity, particularly to demand something for their release

mangidnap, dakip

mangidnap, dakip

Ex: The victim was finally reunited with her family after the kidnapper was apprehended by law enforcement .Ang biktima ay sa wakas ay nakasama muli ang kanyang pamilya matapos mahuli ng mga awtoridad ang **kidnapper**.
to kidnap
[Pandiwa]

to take someone away and hold them in captivity, typically to demand something for their release

agawin, kidnapin

agawin, kidnapin

Ex: She was terrified when she realized that they intended to kidnap her .Natakot siya nang malaman niyang balak nilang **kidnapin** siya.
to mug
[Pandiwa]

to steal from someone by threatening them or using violence, particularly in a public place

mandurukot, magnakaw sa pamamagitan ng pananakot

mandurukot, magnakaw sa pamamagitan ng pananakot

Ex: The gang mugged several people before being arrested by the authorities .Ang gang ay **nangloloob** ng ilang tao bago arestuhin ng mga awtoridad.
mugger
[Pangngalan]

a person who attacks and robs people in a public place

manghahablot, magnanakaw sa lansangan

manghahablot, magnanakaw sa lansangan

Ex: He was a mugger who targeted people on the subway , quickly snatching their bags before fleeing the scene .Siya ay isang **mang-holdap** na nagta-target sa mga tao sa subway, mabilis na kinukuha ang kanilang mga bag bago tumakas mula sa eksena.
to murder
[Pandiwa]

to unlawfully and intentionally kill another human being

pumatay, pagpaslang

pumatay, pagpaslang

Ex: Last year , the criminal unexpectedly murdered an innocent bystander .Noong nakaraang taon, hindi inaasahang **pinatay** ng kriminal ang isang inosenteng bystander.
murderer
[Pangngalan]

a person who is guilty of killing another human being deliberately

mamamatay-tao, pumatay

mamamatay-tao, pumatay

Ex: The documentary examined the psychology of a murderer, trying to understand what drives someone to commit such a crime .Tiningnan ng dokumentaryo ang sikolohiya ng isang **mamamatay-tao**, sinusubukang maunawaan kung ano ang nagtutulak sa isang tao na gumawa ng ganoong krimen.
to rape
[Pandiwa]

to force someone to have sex against their will, particularly by using violence or threatening them

gahasain, pagsamantalahan sa seksuwal

gahasain, pagsamantalahan sa seksuwal

Ex: The legal system should hold accountable those who attempt to rape others .Dapat panagutan ng sistemang legal ang mga nagtatangkang **gahasain** ang iba.
rapist
[Pangngalan]

someone who forcefully engages in sexual activity with another person without their agreement or permission, which is against the law and considered a serious crime

manghahalay, manlalabag sa sekswal

manghahalay, manlalabag sa sekswal

Ex: The investigation into the rapist continued for months before the authorities finally located him .Ang imbestigasyon sa **manghahalay** ay nagpatuloy ng ilang buwan bago sa wakas ay matukoy ng mga awtoridad ang kanyang lokasyon.
robbery
[Pangngalan]

the crime of stealing money or goods from someone or somewhere, especially by violence or threat

pagnanakaw, holdap

pagnanakaw, holdap

Ex: The jewelry store was hit by a robbery in broad daylight , with expensive items stolen .Ang jewelry store ay tinamaan ng isang **pagnanakaw** sa liwanag ng araw, na may mga mahalagang bagay na ninakaw.
smuggler
[Pangngalan]

an individual who illegally and secretly imports or exports goods or people

smuggler, tagapuslit

smuggler, tagapuslit

Ex: The smuggler faced severe penalties for attempting to bring in counterfeit products that violated international trade laws .Ang **smuggler** ay naharap sa malulubhang parusa dahil sa pagtatangkang magpasok ng pekeng mga produkto na lumalabag sa mga batas sa pandaigdigang kalakalan.
to smuggle
[Pandiwa]

to move goods or people illegally and secretly into or out of a country

magpalusot ng ilegal, illegal at lihim na paglipat ng mga kalakal o tao papasok o palabas ng isang bansa

magpalusot ng ilegal, illegal at lihim na paglipat ng mga kalakal o tao papasok o palabas ng isang bansa

Ex: The gang smuggled rare animals across the border .Ang gang ay **nagpalusot** ng mga bihirang hayop sa ibayo ng hangganan.
to stalk
[Pandiwa]

to follow, watch, or pursue someone persistently and often secretly, causing them fear or discomfort

subaybayan, manmanman

subaybayan, manmanman

Ex: The thriller novel depicted a chilling story of an obsessed individual who would stalk their victims relentlessly .Ang thriller novel ay naglarawan ng isang nakakakilabot na kuwento ng isang taong nahuhumaling na walang humpay na **sinusundan** ang kanyang mga biktima.
stalker
[Pangngalan]

a person who persistently and obsessively follows, watches, or harasses someone else, often causing fear, distress, or a sense of danger

tagasunod, manunugod

tagasunod, manunugod

terrorism
[Pangngalan]

the act of using violence such as killing people, bombing, etc. to gain political power

terorismo

terorismo

Ex: Many countries are strengthening their laws against terrorism to protect national security .Maraming bansa ang nagpapatibay ng kanilang mga batas laban sa **terorismo** upang protektahan ang pambansang seguridad.
terrorist
[Pangngalan]

person who uses violence or threats to achieve political or ideological goals by targeting innocent people or civilians

terorista, marahas na ekstremista

terorista, marahas na ekstremista

Ex: The terrorist was sentenced to life in prison after being convicted of plotting a series of violent acts against innocent civilians .Ang **terorista** ay hinatulan ng habang-buhay na pagkabilanggo matapos mapatunayang nagplano ng serye ng marahas na gawa laban sa mga inosenteng sibilyan.
to set off
[Pandiwa]

to activate a bomb, an explosive, etc.

buwagin, pasabugin

buwagin, pasabugin

Ex: The explosion set off a chain reaction , causing widespread damage .Ang pagsabog ay **nagpasimula** ng isang chain reaction, na nagdulot ng malawakang pinsala.
bomb
[Pangngalan]

an object that is designed to explode and cause destruction

bomba, pasabog

bomba, pasabog

Ex: A loud bomb blast could be heard from miles away as the military carried out their controlled demolition.Isang malakas na pagsabog ng **bomba** ang maririnig mula sa milya-milyang layo habang isinasagawa ng militar ang kanilang kontroladong pagwasak.
theft
[Pangngalan]

the illegal act of taking something from a place or person without permission

pagnanakaw

pagnanakaw

Ex: The museum increased its security measures after a high-profile theft of priceless art pieces from its gallery .Pinalakas ng museo ang mga hakbang sa seguridad nito matapos ang isang high-profile na **pagnanakaw** ng mga walang halagang piraso ng sining mula sa gallery nito.
thief
[Pangngalan]

someone who steals something from a person or place without using violence or threats

magnanakaw, kawatan

magnanakaw, kawatan

Ex: The thief attempted to escape through the alley , but the police quickly cornered him .Sinubukan ng **magnanakaw** na tumakas sa eskinita, ngunit mabilis na nahuli siya ng pulisya.
vandalism
[Pangngalan]

the illegal act of purposefully damaging a property belonging to another person or organization

pambababoy

pambababoy

Ex: Volunteers organized a cleanup effort to repair the damage caused by vandalism in the local park .Ang mga boluntaryo ay nag-organisa ng isang cleanup effort upang ayusin ang pinsala na dulot ng **vandalism** sa lokal na parke.
to vandalize
[Pandiwa]

to intentionally damage something, particularly public property

manirang-puri, sadyang sirain

manirang-puri, sadyang sirain

Ex: The police arrested individuals for vandalizing street signs and traffic signals .Inaresto ng pulisya ang mga indibidwal dahil sa **pagsira** sa mga karatula sa kalye at mga signal ng trapiko.
witness
[Pangngalan]

a person who sees an event, especially a criminal scene

saksi, saksi sa pangyayari

saksi, saksi sa pangyayari

Ex: The only witness to the crime was hesitant to come forward out of fear for their safety .Ang tanging **saksi** sa krimen ay nag-atubiling magsalita dahil sa takot para sa kanilang kaligtasan.
armed robbery
[Pangngalan]

the act of stealing property or money using a weapon

armadong pagnanakaw, armadong pandarambong

armadong pagnanakaw, armadong pandarambong

Ex: After the armed robbery, the authorities increased patrols in the area to reassure the public and prevent further incidents .Pagkatapos ng **armadong pagnanakaw**, pinalakas ng mga awtoridad ang mga patrol sa lugar upang pasiglahin ang publiko at maiwasan ang karagdagang mga insidente.
fingerprint
[Pangngalan]

a mark made by the unique pattern of lines on the tip of a person's finger, can be used to find out who has committed a crime

bakas ng daliri, marka ng daliri

bakas ng daliri, marka ng daliri

Ex: Fingerprint evidence played a crucial role in convicting the perpetrator of the murder.Ang ebidensya ng **fingerprint** ay may mahalagang papel sa pagpapatunay sa salarin ng pagpatay.
criminal
[Pangngalan]

a person who does or is involved in an illegal activity

kriminal, salarin

kriminal, salarin

Ex: The criminal confessed to robbing the bank .Aminado ang **kriminal** sa pagnanakaw sa bangko.
to arrest
[Pandiwa]

(of law enforcement agencies) to take a person away because they believe that they have done something illegal

arestuhin

arestuhin

Ex: Authorities are currently arresting suspects at the scene of the crime .Kasalukuyang **inaaresto** ng mga awtoridad ang mga suspek sa lugar ng krimen.
to catch
[Pandiwa]

to stop and hold an object that is moving through the air

hulihin, saluhin

hulihin, saluhin

Ex: The goalkeeper is going to catch the ball in the next match .Ang goalkeeper ay **huhuli** ng bola sa susunod na laro.
to charge
[Pandiwa]

to officially accuse someone of an offense

paratang, isakdal

paratang, isakdal

Ex: Right now , the legal team is charging individuals involved in the corruption scandal .Sa ngayon, ang legal na team ay **nagsasakdal** sa mga indibidwal na sangkot sa iskandalo ng korapsyon.

to try to find the truth about a crime, accident, etc. by carefully examining its facts

imbestigahan,  siyasatin

imbestigahan, siyasatin

Ex: Authorities are working to investigate the source of the contamination .Ang mga awtoridad ay nagtatrabaho upang **imbestigahan** ang pinagmulan ng kontaminasyon.
to question
[Pandiwa]

to have or express uncertainty about something

magtanong, mag-alinlangan

magtanong, mag-alinlangan

Ex: She questioned her own judgment after making a mistake and sought feedback from colleagues .**Nagduda** siya sa kanyang sariling paghuhusga matapos magkamali at humingi ng feedback mula sa mga kasamahan.
trial
[Pangngalan]

a legal process where a judge and jury examine evidence in court to decide if the accused is guilty

paglilitis, pagsubok

paglilitis, pagsubok

Ex: The lawyer prepared extensively for the trial, gathering all necessary documents and witness statements .Ang abogado ay naghanda nang husto para sa **pagsubok**, na tinipon ang lahat ng kinakailangang dokumento at mga pahayag ng saksi.
accused
[Pangngalan]

one or multiple people who are believed to have committed a crime in a law court

akusado, nasasakdal

akusado, nasasakdal

Ex: The defense lawyer argued that the accused had been framed and presented evidence that cast doubt on his involvement in the crime.Ipinagtanggol ng abogado ng depensa na ang **akusado** ay nai-frame at nagharap ng ebidensya na nagdududa sa kanyang pagkakasangkot sa krimen.
acquitted
[pang-uri]

found to be not guilty of an illegal act in a law court

absuwelto, idiniklara na walang kasalanan

absuwelto, idiniklara na walang kasalanan

Ex: Being acquitted brought an end to years of legal battles.Ang pagiging **absuwelto** ay nagtapos sa mga taon ng labanang legal.
court
[Pangngalan]

the group of people in a court including the judge and the jury

hukuman, korte

hukuman, korte

Ex: The court deliberated for hours before reaching a verdict .Ang **hukuman** ay nagdeliberasyon ng ilang oras bago magbigay ng hatol.
evidence
[Pangngalan]

a statement, document, or object that is used in a law court for establishing facts

ebidensya,  katibayan

ebidensya, katibayan

Ex: The evidence was overwhelming , and the jury quickly reached a verdict , convicting the defendant of all charges .Ang **ebidensya** ay napakalaki, at mabilis na naabot ng hurado ang isang hatol, na hinatulan ang akusado sa lahat ng mga paratang.
guilty
[pang-uri]

responsible for an illegal act or wrongdoing

may-sala, responsable

may-sala, responsable

Ex: The jury found the defendant guilty of the crime based on the evidence presented .Natagpuan ng hurado ang akusado na **nagkasala** sa krimen batay sa ebidensyang iniharap.
innocent
[pang-uri]

not having committed a wrongdoing or offense

walang kasalanan, hindi nagkasala

walang kasalanan, hindi nagkasala

Ex: The innocent driver was not at fault for the car accident caused by the other driver 's negligence .Ang **inosenteng** driver ay hindi kasalanan sa aksidente sa kotse na dulot ng kapabayaan ng ibang driver.
judge
[Pangngalan]

the official in charge of a court who decides on legal matters

hukom, magistrado

hukom, magistrado

Ex: She retired after serving as a judge for over thirty years .Nagretiro siya matapos maglingkod bilang **hukom** sa loob ng mahigit tatlumpung taon.
jury
[Pangngalan]

a group of twelve citizens, who listen to the details of a case in the court of law in order to decide the guiltiness or innocence of a defendant

hurado, panel ng mga hurado

hurado, panel ng mga hurado

Ex: The jury was composed of individuals from various professions and backgrounds .Ang **hurado** ay binubuo ng mga indibidwal mula sa iba't ibang propesyon at pinagmulan.
proof
[Pangngalan]

information or evidence that proves the truth or existence of something

patunay, ebidensya

patunay, ebidensya

Ex: She offered proof of her payment by showing the receipt from the transaction .Nagbigay siya ng **patunay** ng kanyang pagbabayad sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakita ng resibo mula sa transaksyon.
to sentence
[Pandiwa]

to officially state the punishment of someone found guilty in a court of law

hatulan

hatulan

Ex: After the trial , the judge carefully sentenced the convicted murderer .Pagkatapos ng paglilitis, maingat na **hinatulan** ng hukom ang nahatulang mamamatay-tao.
verdict
[Pangngalan]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

hatol, pasya

hatol, pasya

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .Iniulat ng media ang **hatol** na nagtakda ng bagong precedent sa batas kriminal.
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