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Humanidades ACT - Batas at mga Tungkulin

Matuto ng ACT humanities vocabulary para sa batas at obligasyon, kabilang ang mga tuntunin, tungkulin, karapatan, legal na responsibilidad, kasunduan, kinakailangan, at pagsunod.

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ACT Vocabulary for Humanities
proceeding
proceeding
[Pangngalan]

the formal process or legal action taken within a court to resolve a dispute, administer justice, etc.

proseso,  paglilitis

proseso, paglilitis

Ex: The administrative proceeding addressed complaints regarding environmental violations by the company. 
affidavit
affidavit
[Pangngalan]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

sinumpaang pahayag, affidavit

sinumpaang pahayag, affidavit

Ex: She signed an affidavit, swearing under oath to tell the truth in her statement to the court. 

Pumirma siya ng affidavit, nanumpa sa ilalim ng panunumpa na sasabihin ang katotohanan sa kanyang pahayag sa korte.

testimony
testimony
[Pangngalan]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

patotoo, pahayag

patotoo, pahayag

Ex: The witness provided compelling testimony that corroborated the victim's account. 
accusation
accusation
[Pangngalan]

the act of blaming and charging someone for their wrong act

paratang,  akusasyon

paratang, akusasyon

ruling
ruling
[Pangngalan]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

desisyon, hatol

desisyon, hatol

Ex: The school board's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students. 
felony
felony
[Pangngalan]

a serious crime such as arson, murder, rape, etc.

malubhang krimen, felony

malubhang krimen, felony

Ex: Tax evasion is a felony offense that can lead to substantial fines and imprisonment if convicted. 

Ang tax evasion ay isang malubhang krimen na maaaring magresulta sa malalaking multa at pagkakakulong kung mahatulan.

parole
parole
[Pangngalan]

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

parole

parole

Ex: After serving half of his sentence in prison, the inmate was eligible for parole, subject to certain conditions and supervision. 

Matapos maglingkod ng kalahati ng kanyang sentensya sa bilangguan, ang bilanggo ay karapat-dapat sa parole, na sakop ng ilang mga kondisyon at pangangasiwa.

penalty
penalty
[Pangngalan]

a punishment given for breaking a rule, law, or legal agreement

parusa, multa

parusa, multa

Ex: He was given a penalty for breaking the terms of his contract. 
libel
libel
[Pangngalan]

a published false statement that damages a person's reputation

paninirang-puri, paglapastangan

paninirang-puri, paglapastangan

Ex: The celebrity sued the tabloid for libel after it published false and damaging statements about her personal life. 

Isinampa ng celebrity ang demanda laban sa tabloid para sa paninirang puri matapos nitong ilathala ang mga peke at nakasisirang pahayag tungkol sa kanyang personal na buhay.

infraction
infraction
[Pangngalan]

the act of breaking or not obeying a law, agreement, etc.

paglabag,  kasalanan

paglabag, kasalanan

Ex: The police issued a citation for the minor infraction of jaywalking. 

Ang pulisya ay naglabas ng sitasyon para sa menor na paglabag ng jaywalking.

trustee
trustee
[Pangngalan]

a person or organization legally responsible for managing property or money for the benefit of another

tagapangasiwa,  katiwala

tagapangasiwa, katiwala

Ex: The trustee manages the fund on behalf of the children. 
counterclaim
counterclaim
[Pangngalan]

a response in court, stating an opposing demand

kontra-reklamo, tutol na demanda

kontra-reklamo, tutol na demanda

offender
offender
[Pangngalan]

a person who commits a crime or other illegal act

maysala,  lumalabag

maysala, lumalabag

Ex: The offender was arrested shortly after the robbery. 
infringement
infringement
[Pangngalan]

an action that is against a law. regulation, or agreement

paglabag,  pagmamalabis

paglabag, pagmamalabis

advocate
advocate
[Pangngalan]

a lawyer who represents or pleads on behalf of a client in a court of law

abogado,  manananggol

abogado, manananggol

Ex: The accused was represented by an experienced advocate. 
verdict
verdict
[Pangngalan]

the formal decision reached by a jury in a court case

Ex: The jury returned a guilty verdict. 
acquittal
acquittal
[Pangngalan]

an official judgment in court of law that declares someone not guilty of the crime they were charged with

pagpapawalang-sala, absolusyon

pagpapawalang-sala, absolusyon

Ex: The defendant was relieved to receive an acquittal after a lengthy trial, as the jury found them not guilty of all charges. 

Naluwag ang loob ng nasasakdal na makatanggap ng pagpawalang-sala pagkatapos ng mahabang paglilitis, dahil natagpuang hindi siya nagkasala sa lahat ng paratang.

reformatory
reformatory
[Pangngalan]

an institution designed to reform or rehabilitate young offenders rather than simply punish them

bahay-pagtutuwid, reformatoryo

bahay-pagtutuwid, reformatoryo

Ex: The troubled teenager was sent to a reformatory to receive guidance and education. 

Ang problemadong tinedyer ay ipinadala sa isang reformatory upang makatanggap ng gabay at edukasyon.

penitentiary
penitentiary
[Pangngalan]

a prison or correctional facility where individuals convicted of serious crimes are confined and undergo rehabilitation

bilangguan, pasilidad ng pagwawasto

bilangguan, pasilidad ng pagwawasto

Ex: The notorious criminal was sentenced to life in the state penitentiary. 

Ang kilalang-kilalang kriminal ay hinatulan ng habang-buhay sa bilangguan ng estado.

statutory
statutory
[pang-uri]

according to or allowed by law

legal, ayon sa batas

legal, ayon sa batas

Ex: The company's actions were found to be in compliance with statutory regulations. 

Ang mga aksyon ng kumpanya ay nakitang sumusunod sa mga regulasyong batas.

judicial
judicial
[pang-uri]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

panghukuman

panghukuman

Ex: The judicial branch of government oversees the interpretation and application of laws through courts and judges. 

Ang sangay na hudisyal ng pamahalaan ang nangangasiwa sa interpretasyon at aplikasyon ng mga batas sa pamamagitan ng mga korte at hukom.

indeterminate
indeterminate
[pang-uri]

(of a judicial sentence) establishing a range of time within which the offender will serve their sentence, with the possibility of early release

hindi tiyak, may panahon na hindi tiyak

hindi tiyak, may panahon na hindi tiyak

Ex: In some cases, an indeterminate sentence may be more appropriate than a fixed term. 

Sa ilang mga kaso, ang isang hindi tiyak na hatol ay maaaring mas angkop kaysa sa isang takdang termino.

to indict
to indict
[Pandiwa]

to officially accuse a person of a crime

paratangan, demanda

paratangan, demanda

Ex: The grand jury decided to indict the suspect on charges of robbery and assault. 

Nagpasya ang grand jury na isakdal ang suspek sa mga kaso ng pagnanakaw at pagsalakay.

to banish
to banish
[Pandiwa]

to force someone to leave a country, often as a form of punishment or to keep them away

itaboy, destiyero

itaboy, destiyero

Ex: The ruler banished his political opponents to remote islands to prevent rebellion. 

Pinatapon ng pinuno ang kanyang mga kalabang pulitikal sa malalayong isla upang maiwasan ang paghihimagsik.

to slander
to slander
[Pandiwa]

to make false and adverse statements about someone for defamation

manirang-puri, magparatang nang walang batayan

manirang-puri, magparatang nang walang batayan

to exile
to exile
[Pandiwa]

to force someone to leave their home or country and live elsewhere

ipatapon, ilayas

ipatapon, ilayas

Ex: The government exiled the opposition leader after the uprising. 
to outlaw
to outlaw
[Pandiwa]

to officially state that something is illegal

ipagbawal, gawing ilegal

ipagbawal, gawing ilegal

Ex: The government decided to outlaw the sale of counterfeit goods to protect consumers. 

Nagpasya ang pamahalaan na ipagbawal ang pagbebenta ng pekeng mga produkto upang protektahan ang mga mamimili.

to waive
to waive
[Pandiwa]

to voluntarily relinquish or give up a right, claim, or privilege

talikuran, iwan

talikuran, iwan

Ex: He decided to waive his right to a trial. 

Nagpasya siyang talikuran ang kanyang karapatan sa isang paglilitis.

to authorize
to authorize
[Pandiwa]

to officially give permission for a specific action, process, etc.

pahintulutan, aprubahan

pahintulutan, aprubahan

Ex: The manager will authorize the contract by signing it, giving official approval for the business deal. 

Ang manager ay mag-aautorisa ng kontrata sa pamamagitan ng pag-sign nito, na nagbibigay ng opisyal na pag-apruba para sa negosyo.

to enact
to enact
[Pandiwa]

to approve a proposed law

magpatibay, magpasa

magpatibay, magpasa

Ex: The legislature voted to enact new regulations governing environmental protection. 

Ang lehislatura ay bumoto upang magpatupad ng mga bagong regulasyon na namamahala sa proteksyon sa kapaligiran.

to convict
to convict
[Pandiwa]

to officially find someone guilty of a crime in a court of law

hatulan

hatulan

Ex: The jury convicted Michael of fraud after a three-week trial. 
to execute
to execute
[Pandiwa]

to kill someone as a legal punishment

patayin

patayin

Ex: The prisoner was executed after being convicted of treason. 
to prosecute
to prosecute
[Pandiwa]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

usigin, paratangin

usigin, paratangin

Ex: The lawyer was hired to prosecute the case on behalf of the victim’s family. 

Ang abogado ay inupahan upang usigin ang kaso sa ngalan ng pamilya ng biktima.

to arbitrate
to arbitrate
[Pandiwa]

to officially resolve a disagreement between people

mag-arbitrate, mamagitan

mag-arbitrate, mamagitan

Ex: The two companies, unable to reach an agreement, decided to have a third party arbitrate their dispute. 

Ang dalawang kumpanya, na hindi makapagkasundo, ay nagpasya na magkaroon ng third party na mag-arbitrate sa kanilang away.

non-disclosure agreement

a legally binding contract between parties, typically individuals or businesses, that outlines confidential information that the parties agree not to disclose to others

kasunduan ng hindi pagbubunyag, kontrata ng kumpidensyalidad

kasunduan ng hindi pagbubunyag, kontrata ng kumpidensyalidad

Ex: Before discussing the details of the new product, the company required all employees to sign a non-disclosure agreement. 

Bago talakayin ang mga detalye ng bagong produkto, kinailangan ng kumpanya na lagdaan ng lahat ng empleyado ang isang kasunduan sa hindi pagbubunyag.

confidentiality
confidentiality
[Pangngalan]

the assurance that sensitive information will not be divulged without proper consent

pagiging lihim, lihim na propesyonal

pagiging lihim, lihim na propesyonal

Ex: In the medical field, patient confidentiality is paramount to protect sensitive health information. 

Sa larangan ng medisina, ang pagiging kompidensiyal ng pasyente ay napakahalaga upang maprotektahan ang sensitibong impormasyon sa kalusugan.

obligation
obligation
[Pangngalan]

an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

obligasyon, tungkulin

obligasyon, tungkulin

Ex: Attending the meeting was not just a suggestion but an obligation for all department heads. 
provision
provision
[Pangngalan]

an agreed-upon condition or requirement outlined in an agreement, law, or document

probisyon,  kondisyon

probisyon, kondisyon

Ex: The will had a provision specifying how the estate should be divided among the heirs. 
inviolable
inviolable
[pang-uri]

unable to be broken or dishonored, often due to its importance or protection by law or custom

hindi maaaring labagin, sagrado

hindi maaaring labagin, sagrado

Ex: The right to personal privacy is seen as inviolable and must be respected by all. 

Ang karapatan sa personal na privacy ay itinuturing na hindi maaaring labagin at dapat igalang ng lahat.

to exempt
to exempt
[Pandiwa]

to officially excuse someone from a requirement or obligation

pawalang-bisa, hindi isama

pawalang-bisa, hindi isama

Ex: The government announced a program to exempt low-income families from certain property taxes. 

Inanunsyo ng pamahalaan ang isang programa upang magpawalang-sala ang mga pamilyang may mababang kita sa ilang mga buwis sa ari-arian.

to commit
to commit
[Pandiwa]

to state that one is bound to do something specific

mangako, magtalaga

mangako, magtalaga

Ex: Upon joining the project, team members committed to meeting deadlines and delivering high-quality results. 
to entrust
to entrust
[Pandiwa]

to give someone the responsibility of taking care of something important, such as a task, duty, or information

ipagkatiwala, pagkatiwalaan

ipagkatiwala, pagkatiwalaan

Ex: The manager entrusted the team with the important project, confident in their abilities. 

Ang manager ay ipinagkatiwala sa koponan ang mahalagang proyekto, tiwala sa kanilang kakayahan.

to pledge
to pledge
[Pandiwa]

to bind oneself or someone else by a formal promise or agreement

mangako, magsanla

mangako, magsanla

Ex: All members were pledged to secrecy. 
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