the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

方言, 土话
a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

口音
the everyday language spoken by a particular group of people in a specific region or community

方言, 日常用语
a regulated and accepted form of a language that is widely used in formal settings, education, government, and media

标准语言, 规范语言
(linguistics) a variety of language that is used in a particular social context, based on the communicative purpose and social status of the user

语域, 语言水平
words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

行话, 专业术语
the phenomenon in which multiple forms or variants of a linguistic element, such as a phoneme, morpheme, or word, can be used interchangeably without affecting the meaning or grammaticality of a sentence

自由变异, 自由变体
a variety of a language that is spoken in a specific geographical region

地区方言, 地方话
a variation of a language associated with a specific social group or class, characterized by distinct linguistic features influenced by social factors

社会方言, 语言的社会变体
the first language or mother tongue that a person acquires naturally from birth or early childhood and is typically the language they are most proficient in

母语, 本族语
the social value and perceived status associated with a particular language, dialect, or speech variety

威望
a prestigious and historically influential accent and pronunciation variant of Standard British English, commonly associated with educated speakers in the United Kingdom

公认发音, 标准英式发音
a group of people who share a common language or variety of a language and interact with one another using that language or variety

语言社区, 言语社区
the ability of speakers of different but related languages or dialects to understand each other to a certain degree due to similarities in their linguistic structures and vocabulary

相互可懂度, 相互理解
a geographic boundary that marks the linguistic feature or variation in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between different dialects or language varieties

等语线, 等语线界线
a sociolinguistic situation where two distinct varieties or registers of a language are used in different social contexts or for different purposes, typically one being a high-prestige, formal variety and the other a low-prestige, informal variety

双言现象, 双语情况
the process of reducing linguistic differences between dialects, resulting in a more standardized variety of a language

方言平准化, 方言标准化
a group of closely related dialects that share significant linguistic similarities, often found in a specific geographical or cultural region

方言群, 方言集群
a language or a simplified communication system that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages

通用语
a set of interconnected or related language varieties, including dialects, registers, and other linguistic variants, that are used by a particular speech community or within a specific linguistic context

方言系统, 一组相互关联的语言变体
a range of dialects that are mutually intelligible to some degree, where each adjacent dialect shares similarities and gradually transitions into the next one

方言连续体, 方言谱系
a simplified language made up of two or more languages used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language but need to talk, for example for trading

皮钦语, 简化语言
the process in which a simplified form of language, known as a pidgin, emerges as a means of communication between groups of people who do not share a common language

皮钦化, 皮钦语的形成
a constructed language designed to serve as a communication tool within a specific geographic region or zone

区域辅助语言, 构建的区域语言
a language that has been evolved from a mixture of a European and a local language, spoken as a mother tongue

克里奥尔语, 混合语
the process through which a new language, known as a creole, emerges as a result of contact between different languages, typically in situations of colonization, slavery, or migration

克里奥尔化, 克里奥尔语的形成
the process whereby a creole language undergoes changes that make it more similar to its lexifier language or other dominant languages in the surrounding linguistic environment

去克里奥尔化, 去克里奥尔化的过程
the spectrum of language varieties that emerge and evolve in a community following the formation of a creole language, ranging from more creole-like forms to more standard-like forms

后克里奥尔连续体, 后克里奥尔谱系
a constructed language that aims to resemble and function like a natural language, typically developed with the goal of facilitating international communication and cultural exchange

自然主义计划语言, 自然主义构造语言
the movement or desire for a particular linguistic group to secede or break away from a larger language or linguistic community to establish their own independent language or dialect

语言分离主义, 语言分裂主义
the phenomenon of switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or discourse, often influenced by social, cultural, or linguistic factors

语码转换, 语言切换
a distinct form or type of a language, such as a regional variety, social variety, or stylistic variety, which may differ in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and usage

种类, 类型
the main language that makes it difficult to learn or understand a simplified language that developed from a mix of different languages

词汇化语言, 主要源语言
the phenomenon of changing one's language or speech style based on different social contexts, audiences, or situations, often involving the use of different registers, dialects, or levels of formality

风格转换, 语体变异
the social value or status attached to non-standard or stigmatized forms of language, often within specific subcultures or communities, despite their lack of recognition or validation in broader society

隐性声望, 隐蔽声望
a language that is native to a particular region or territory and has been traditionally spoken by the indigenous or native population of that area

土著语言, 原住民语言
words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

俚语, slang
words, expressions, or topics that are considered socially or culturally inappropriate or offensive and are typically avoided or restricted in polite conversation

禁忌语, 忌讳语言
the English language as used in the United Kingdom

英式英语, 英国使用的英语
the variety of English language used primarily in the United States, characterized by its distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar conventions

美式英语, 美国英语
an individual who is proficient in and able to switch between two distinct dialects or varieties of a language, typically based on regional or social factors

双方言的, 双方言者
a linguistic phenomenon where speakers or writers overcompensate for a perceived error or nonstandard usage by using a form that is actually incorrect or nonstandard

矫枉过正, 过度校正
a linguistic feature that distinguishes between formal and informal forms of address in language, often indicating social status or hierarchy

T-V区别
a word, phrase, or grammatical construction that is borrowed from the English language into another language

英语借词, 来自英语的借用语
a word, phrase, pronunciation, or cultural trait that is specific to or associated with British English or British culture

英国特色, 英式英语特有的词汇
speech in which every declarative clause, sentence, etc. ends with a rising intonation, as if a question

上扬语调说话, 疑问语调
the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency

中介语, 中间语言
the intentional actions taken to shape or control how a language is used in a community or society

语言规划, 语言计划
the process of evaluating an individual's language proficiency or abilities through various tests, examinations, or evaluations

语言评估, 语言能力评估
a word or phrase with a predetermined meaning that is used instead of the usual name or word for something

代码字, 约定词
the advocacy or belief in preserving or purifying a language by purging it of foreign or non-standard elements, often aiming for linguistic preservation and cultural identity

语言纯化主义, 语言净化
a distinct layer or level within a language system, such as different dialects, sociolects, or registers, that are associated with specific social groups, regions, or levels of formality

层次, 层面
the linguistic influence of a less prestigious language on a dominant language in contact, resulting in the adoption or transfer of phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical features

底层语言, 语言影响
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