剑桥雅思19 - 学术类 - 测试1 - 阅读 - 第3段 (2)

to do something to avoid or decrease the harmful or unpleasant effects of something

for a very short time

one or the other of two things or people, no matter which

a doubting or questioning attitude towards ideas, beliefs, or claims that are generally accepted

to be located in a particular place

to realize through the senses

creating and enforcing rules or regulations to control or govern a particular activity or industry

a business or organization that provides services to other parties, especially by representing them in transactions

a mistake of thinking one event caused another just because it happened first

the act of noticing or discovering that something has happened or exists

to use airwaves to send out TV or radio programs

an agency responsible for protecting public health by regulating food, drugs, medical devices, and other related products

large in quantity, extent, or degree

the act of regularly checking or observing something to ensure it is functioning correctly or to gather information

the act of officially informing someone about something, usually in writing

a particular activity of a person or thing or their purpose

a set of actions and responsibilities that are assigned to a person or group within a specific context

done before something else happens to prevent a problem or danger

the act of examining and removing or altering content that is considered offensive or harmful

to observe an activity in order to ensure that everything is done properly

a medication that needs a written order from a licensed healthcare provider to be bought because of its potential side effects and risks

a paid announcement that draws public attention to a product or service

in a way that usually happens

the act of breaking a legal code

a principle or instruction based on which a person should behave or act in a particular situation

(of an idea, intention, or act) deserving of admiration and praise, regardless of success

an attempt to do something, particularly something demanding

at the starting point of a process or situation

to come across or meet someone or something, often unexpectedly or by accident

of great extent or intensity

to make an educated guess about how likely something is to happen

more than average, but not too much

to discover, meet, or find someone or something by accident

to assign a quality to someone or something in order to categorize them

to obtain or earn something desired or needed, typically through effort or skill

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

a situation that is difficult because a choice must be made between two or more options that are equally important

in an orderly and tidy manner, with things arranged properly and cleanly

to give a short and simplified version that covers the main points of something

the noticeable difference or opposition between two or more things that are compared

a person who studies or thinks deeply about fundamental questions concerning knowledge, existence, ethics, and reasoning

showing opposing ideas or opinions that do not agree, causing confusion or disagreement

in a way that is based on observation, experience, or practical evidence rather than just theoretical ideas

to provide evidence or support for a particular conclusion or viewpoint

to refuse to accept a proposal, idea, person, etc.

if something happens by default, it happens because one has not made any other decision or choices that would make things happen differently

after a particular event or time

used to indicate the method or channel by which something is done

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

based upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas

a general description of an idea, a theory, or an event

the act of participating or being actively involved in something

the act of making something visible or known to the public

to process or convert information into a format that can be stored, understood, or used later

to label or identify someone or something with a specific descriptive term or nickname

qualities, skills, or abilities that help someone manage challenges or accomplish tasks

in a way that prevents something from happening by taking action ahead of time

selling products or services directly to the customer, without using stores or other middlemen

in a manner that shows help, approval, or agreement for something or someone

the manner in which the parts of something are arranged, connected, or organized

a system of separate parts acting together in order to perform a task

following the same course of action or behavior over time