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Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 1 - Reading - Passage 3 (2)

Here you can fine the vocabulary from Test 1 - Reading - Passage 3 (2) in the Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic
to counter

to do something to avoid or decrease the harmful or unpleasant effects of something

Ex: Taking vitamin C can help counter the effects of a cold. 
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momentarily
momentarily
[Adverb]

for a very short time

Ex: He paused momentarily to catch his breath. 
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either
either
[determiner]

one or the other of two things or people, no matter which

Ex: You can choose either option for dinner tonight; I'm fine with whatever you decide. 
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skepticism

a doubting or questioning attitude towards ideas, beliefs, or claims that are generally accepted

Ex: Her skepticism about the new diet fad led her to research its effectiveness before trying it. 
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to reside
to reside
[Verb]

to be located in a particular place

Ex: The historic manuscripts reside in the university's special collections library. 
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to perceive

to realize through the senses

Ex: As she touched the fabric, she perceived its softness and knew it was made of silk. 
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regulatory
regulatory
[Adjective]

creating and enforcing rules or regulations to control or govern a particular activity or industry

Ex: Compliance with regulatory requirements is essential for businesses operating in the financial sector. 
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agency
agency
[noun]

a business or organization that provides services to other parties, especially by representing them in transactions

Ex: A real estate agency helps facilitate transactions between property buyers and sellers. 
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post hoc
post hoc
[noun]

a mistake of thinking one event caused another just because it happened first

Ex: The company assumed the new policy was successful post hoc, after seeing an increase in sales. 
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detection
detection
[noun]

the act of noticing or discovering that something has happened or exists

Ex: The detection of the virus in the early stages helped control the outbreak. 
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to broadcast

to use airwaves to send out TV or radio programs

Ex: The television network broadcasts news programs every evening. 
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Food and Drug Administration

an agency responsible for protecting public health by regulating food, drugs, medical devices, and other related products

Ex: The FDA ensures that medicines are safe and effective before they are sold. 
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considerable
considerable
[Adjective]

large in quantity, extent, or degree

Ex: The project required a considerable amount of funding to cover all expenses and ensure its success. 
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monitoring

the act of regularly checking or observing something to ensure it is functioning correctly or to gather information

Ex: Ongoing monitoring of the project's progress helped meet deadlines. 
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notification

the act of officially informing someone about something, usually in writing

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function
function
[noun]

the purpose or intended use of something

Ex: The function of the lever is to lift heavy objects. 
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role
role
[noun]

a set of actions and responsibilities that are assigned to a person or group within a specific context

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preemptive
preemptive
[Adjective]

done before something else happens to prevent a problem or danger

Ex: The army took a preemptive action to stop the enemy before they attacked. 
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censoring
censoring
[noun]

the act of examining and removing or altering content that is considered offensive or harmful

Ex: The censoring of books in the library sparked a debate on freedom of expression. 
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to oversee

to observe an activity in order to ensure that everything is done properly

Ex: She was hired to oversee the day-to-day operations of the company. 
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prescription drug

a medication that needs a written order from a licensed healthcare provider to be bought because of its potential side effects and risks

Ex: Prescription drugs come with specific dosage instructions for safe use. 
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advertising

a paid announcement that draws public attention to a product or service

Ex: The company invested heavily in advertising to boost brand awareness. 
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typically
typically
[Adverb]

in a way that usually happens

Ex: The trains are typically punctual, but delays can happen during strikes. 
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violation
violation
[noun]

the act of breaking a legal code

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guideline
guideline
[noun]

a principle or instruction based on which a person should behave or act in a particular situation

Ex: The company's dress code guidelines specify business casual attire for all employees. 
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laudable
laudable
[Adjective]

(of an idea, intention, or act) deserving of admiration and praise, regardless of success

Ex: His teachers always said he had a laudable passion for learning. 
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effort
effort
[noun]

an attempt to do something, particularly something demanding

Ex: Despite her best effort, she couldn't solve the puzzle. 
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initially
initially
[Adverb]

at the starting point of a process or situation

Ex: The drug was initially tested on mice before human trials. 
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to encounter

to come across or meet someone or something, often unexpectedly or by accident

Ex: While hiking in the woods, we encountered a group of deer grazing peacefully. 
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tremendous
tremendous
[Adjective]

of great extent or intensity

Ex: She felt a tremendous sense of achievement after finishing the marathon. 
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to estimate

to make an educated guess about how likely something is to happen

Ex: I estimate that he’ll arrive within the next hour based on his last message. 
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fairly
fairly
[Adverb]

more than average, but not too much

Ex: I found the assignment fairly easy; I finished it in an hour. 
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to come across

to discover, meet, or find someone or something by accident

Ex: While cleaning out the attic, I came across an old box of photographs from my childhood. 
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to label
to label
[Verb]

to assign a quality to someone or something in order to categorize them

Ex: They labeled her as a troublemaker because of her outspoken nature. 
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to garner
to garner
[Verb]

to obtain or earn something desired or needed, typically through effort or skill

Ex: She garnered support from the community for her environmental initiative. 
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debate
debate
[noun]

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

Ex: The candidates participated in a televised debate to present their views on economic policy. 
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dilemma
dilemma
[noun]

a situation that is difficult because a choice must be made between two or more options that are equally important

Ex: She faced a dilemma when she had to choose between attending her best friend's wedding and a critical work presentation. 
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neatly
neatly
[Adverb]

in an orderly and tidy manner, with things arranged properly and cleanly

Ex: She stacked the plates neatly on the shelf. 
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to summarize

to give a short and simplified version that covers the main points of something

Ex: After reading the lengthy report, she asked her colleague to summarize the main findings for her. 
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contrast
contrast
[noun]

the noticeable difference or opposition between two or more things that are compared

Ex: The bright colors of the flowers stood in stark contrast to the dull, gray background. 
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philosopher

a person who studies or thinks deeply about fundamental questions concerning knowledge, existence, ethics, and reasoning

Ex: Socrates was a famous philosopher known for his method of questioning. 
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conflicting
conflicting
[Adjective]

showing opposing ideas or opinions that do not agree, causing confusion or disagreement

Ex: The two witnesses provided conflicting accounts of the accident, making it difficult for investigators to determine what truly happened. 
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empirically
empirically
[Adverb]

in a way that is based on observation, experience, or practical evidence rather than just theoretical ideas

Ex: The conclusion was drawn empirically from the data collected during the field study. 
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to argue
to argue
[Verb]

to provide evidence or support for a particular conclusion or viewpoint

Ex: The circumstances argue his involvement in the conspiracy. 
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to reject
to reject
[Verb]

to refuse to accept a proposal, idea, person, etc.

Ex: He rejected the first draft of the report, asking for major revisions. 
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by default
by default
[phrase]

if something happens by default, it happens because one has not made any other decision or choices that would make things happen differently

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subsequently
subsequently
[Adverb]

after a particular event or time

Ex: She moved to France and subsequently began studying art. 
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through
through
[preposition]

used to indicate the method or channel by which something is done

Ex: He found the answer through careful research. 
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cognitive
cognitive
[Adjective]

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

Ex: Cognitive therapy helps individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns. 
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empirical
empirical
[Adjective]

based upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas

Ex: The scientist relied on empirical data to support her hypothesis about climate change. 
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account
account
[noun]

a general description of an idea, a theory, or an event

Ex: Her account of the historical event provided a new perspective on the cause of the conflict. 
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engagement

the act of participating or being actively involved in something

Ex: His engagement in the community has made a big difference. 
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exposure
exposure
[noun]

the act of making something visible or known to the public

Ex: The exhibition provides exposure for emerging artists. 
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to encode
to encode
[Verb]

to process or convert information into a format that can be stored, understood, or used later

Ex: The system encodes customer details securely. 
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to tag
to tag
[Verb]

to label or identify someone or something with a specific descriptive term or nickname

Ex: A journalist tagged the rising political leader as "The Voice of the People". 
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resource
resource
[noun]

qualities, skills, or abilities that help someone manage challenges or accomplish tasks

Ex: She used her emotional resources to cope with the stressful situation. 
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preemptively
preemptively
[Adverb]

in a way that prevents something from happening by taking action ahead of time

Ex: She preemptively addressed the issue before it became a bigger problem. 
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direct-to-consumer

selling products or services directly to the customer, without using stores or other middlemen

Ex: The company uses a direct-to-consumer model to sell its products online. 
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in support of

in a manner that shows help, approval, or agreement for something or someone

Ex: She spoke in support of the new policy. 
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structure
structure
[noun]

the way something is built or organized, including the arrangement of its parts

Ex: The essay has a clear structure that guides the reader. 
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mechanism
mechanism
[noun]

a system of separate parts acting together in order to perform a task

Ex: The locking mechanism on the door jammed and wouldn't turn. 
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consistent
consistent
[Adjective]

following the same course of action or behavior over time

Ex: She showed consistent dedication to her studies, earning top grades semester after semester. 
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