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Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL - Social Problems

Here you will learn some English words about social problems, such as "persecution", "illegal", "unrest", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
discrimination

the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others

Ex: The company faced a lawsuit for discrimination against female employees. 
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persecution

an act of cruelty and unfairness toward someone because of their race, religion, or political views

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affirmative action

the policy or practice of favoring people that belong to groups known to have been discriminated against formerly, especially by giving them jobs

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to marginalize

to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

Ex: Historically, indigenous communities have been marginalized and deprived of their land rights. 
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class struggle

the conflict of interests between different social classes in a society, as mentioned in Marxist ideology

Ex: The novel explores themes of class struggle in a rapidly industrializing society. 
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deportation

the expulsion of a non-citizen or foreigner from a country, often for being undesirable or violating laws

Ex: The authorities ordered the deportation of illegal immigrants. 
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political asylum

the protection that a country grants to someone who has fled their home country because of political reasons

Ex: She sought political asylum after facing persecution in her home country. 
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asylum seeker

a person who has fled their home country due to fear of persecution, based on race, religion, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group, and is seeking international protection in another country

Ex: The asylum seeker arrived at the border and requested protection from political violence. 
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illegal
illegal
[noun]

a person who resides or works in a country in violation of its laws

Ex: Authorities deported several illegals last week. 
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immigration

the fact or process of coming to another country to permanently live there

Ex: The country has seen a rise in immigration due to its strong job market and high quality of life. 
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emigration

the act of permanently leaving one's own country to go and live in another

Ex: Her grandparents experienced emigration in the 1950s. 
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naturalization

the act or process of granting a foreigner the citizenship of a country

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bigotry
bigotry
[noun]

the fact of having or expressing strong, irrational views and disliking other people with different views or a different way of life

Ex: The community was shocked by the bigotry expressed in the hateful speech. 
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intolerance

the state of being reluctant to accept ideas, thoughts, or behaviors that differ from one's own

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deprivation

the state in which one cannot satisfy their basic human needs

Ex: The long-term deprivation of food and water led to serious health issues. 
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disadvantaged
disadvantaged
[Adjective]

(of a person or area) facing challenging circumstances, especially financially or socially

Ex: The disadvantaged neighborhood lacked access to quality education and healthcare. 
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vagrancy
vagrancy
[noun]

the state of homelessness as a result of unemployment

Ex: He was arrested for vagrancy. 
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unrest
unrest
[noun]

a political situation in which there is anger among the people and protests are likely

Ex: The government’s decision sparked widespread unrest across the country. 
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uprising
uprising
[noun]

a situation in which people join together to fight against those in power

Ex: The peasant uprising was brutally crushed by the king's army. 
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subsistence

a situation in which one has just enough money or food to survive

Ex: The workers earned barely enough for subsisten 
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refuge
refuge
[noun]

a place or structure that provides protection from danger, adversity, or hardship

Ex: The hikers found refuge in a mountain cabin during the storm. 
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poverty-stricken
poverty-stricken
[Adjective]

suffering from extreme deprivation

Ex: The poverty-stricken village struggled with limited access to clean water. 
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to impoverish

to take away a person or a country's riches to the point of poverty

Ex: The economic crisis began to impoverish many families in the region. 
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indigent
indigent
[Adjective]

extremely poor or in need

Ex: The indigent population relied on government assistance for survival. 
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modern slavery

a situation in which people are forced work against their will through threats or violence that prevents them from escaping

Ex: Victims of modern slavery may be subjected to forced labor, where they are coerced to work under threat or deception, or they may be trafficked for purposes such as sexual exploitation or forced marriage. 
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to lay off

to dismiss employees due to financial difficulties or reduced workload

Ex: The company laid off 10% of its workforce due to financial losses. 
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trafficking

the buying and selling of goods illegally

Ex: He was arrested for drug trafficking. 
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malnutrition

a condition in which a person does not have enough food or good food to eat in order to stay healthy

Ex: Malnutrition remains a pressing global health issue, particularly affecting children in developing countries. 
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passive smoking

the act of inhaling smoke from another person's cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, especially involuntarily

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homophobia

hatred, antipathy, or prejudice toward homosexuals

Ex: The campaign aims to raise awareness about the effects of homophobia. 
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hard drug
hard drug
[noun]

a powerful, addictive, and illegal drug that some people take for pleasure

Ex: The police arrested him for using a hard drug. 
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soft drug
soft drug
[noun]

a recreational drug that is not considered very harmful and gives some people a sense of pleasure

Ex: Cannabis is often classified as a soft drug. 
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displacement

expulsion of people from their homes, typically caused by war, persecution, or natural catastrophe

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