Lingvistică - Sociolinguistics

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialect

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

accent, intonare

the everyday language spoken by a particular group of people in a specific region or community

limba vernaculară, limbaj popular

a regulated and accepted form of a language that is widely used in formal settings, education, government, and media

limba standard, limba normativă

(linguistics) a variety of language that is used in a particular social context, based on the communicative purpose and social status of the user

registru, registru lingvistic

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

jargon, termen tehnic

the unique language variety or style of an individual speaker

idiolect, idiolect (varietate lingvistică unică a unui vorbitor individual)

the phenomenon in which multiple forms or variants of a linguistic element, such as a phoneme, morpheme, or word, can be used interchangeably without affecting the meaning or grammaticality of a sentence

variatie liberă, varianta liberă

a variety of a language that is spoken in a specific geographical region

dialect regional, vorbire regională

a variation of a language associated with a specific social group or class, characterized by distinct linguistic features influenced by social factors

dialect social, variație lingvistică socială

the first language or mother tongue that a person acquires naturally from birth or early childhood and is typically the language they are most proficient in

limbă maternă, limbă nativă

the social value and perceived status associated with a particular language, dialect, or speech variety

prestigiu, statut

a prestigious and historically influential accent and pronunciation variant of Standard British English, commonly associated with educated speakers in the United Kingdom

Pronunția primită, Pronunția standard

a group of people who share a common language or variety of a language and interact with one another using that language or variety

comunitate de vorbitori, comunitate lingvistică

the ability of speakers of different but related languages or dialects to understand each other to a certain degree due to similarities in their linguistic structures and vocabulary

inteligență mutuală, înțelegere reciprocă

a geographic boundary that marks the linguistic feature or variation in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between different dialects or language varieties

izoglosă, granița lingvistică

a sociolinguistic situation where two distinct varieties or registers of a language are used in different social contexts or for different purposes, typically one being a high-prestige, formal variety and the other a low-prestige, informal variety

diglosie

the process of reducing linguistic differences between dialects, resulting in a more standardized variety of a language

nivelare dialectală, standardizare dialectală

a group of closely related dialects that share significant linguistic similarities, often found in a specific geographical or cultural region

cluster de dialecte, grup de dialecte

a language or a simplified communication system that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages

lingua franca, limbaj comun

a set of interconnected or related language varieties, including dialects, registers, and other linguistic variants, that are used by a particular speech community or within a specific linguistic context

diasistem

a range of dialects that are mutually intelligible to some degree, where each adjacent dialect shares similarities and gradually transitions into the next one

continuum dialectal, contur dialectal

a simplified language made up of two or more languages used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language but need to talk, for example for trading

pidgin

the process in which a simplified form of language, known as a pidgin, emerges as a means of communication between groups of people who do not share a common language

pidginizare, procesul de pidginizare

a constructed language designed to serve as a communication tool within a specific geographic region or zone

limbă auxiliară zonală, limbă auxiliară regională

a language that has been evolved from a mixture of a European and a local language, spoken as a mother tongue

creol, limba creolă

the process through which a new language, known as a creole, emerges as a result of contact between different languages, typically in situations of colonization, slavery, or migration

creolizare, procesul de creolizare

the process whereby a creole language undergoes changes that make it more similar to its lexifier language or other dominant languages in the surrounding linguistic environment

decreolizare, procesul de decreolizare

the spectrum of language varieties that emerge and evolve in a community following the formation of a creole language, ranging from more creole-like forms to more standard-like forms

continuum post-creol, spectrum post-creol

a constructed language that aims to resemble and function like a natural language, typically developed with the goal of facilitating international communication and cultural exchange

limbaj planificat naturalist, limbaj construit naturalist

the movement or desire for a particular linguistic group to secede or break away from a larger language or linguistic community to establish their own independent language or dialect

secesionism lingvistic, secesiune lingvistică

the phenomenon of switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or discourse, often influenced by social, cultural, or linguistic factors

code-switching, schimbarea codului

a distinct form or type of a language, such as a regional variety, social variety, or stylistic variety, which may differ in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and usage

varietate, tip

the main language that makes it difficult to learn or understand a simplified language that developed from a mix of different languages

lexificator

the phenomenon of changing one's language or speech style based on different social contexts, audiences, or situations, often involving the use of different registers, dialects, or levels of formality

schimbare de stil, variație stilistică

the social value or status attached to non-standard or stigmatized forms of language, often within specific subcultures or communities, despite their lack of recognition or validation in broader society

prestig ascuns, prestig ocult

a language that is native to a particular region or territory and has been traditionally spoken by the indigenous or native population of that area

limbă indigenă, limbă autohtonă

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

slang, argou

words, expressions, or topics that are considered socially or culturally inappropriate or offensive and are typically avoided or restricted in polite conversation

limbaj tabu, vocabular tabu

the English language as used in the United Kingdom

engleză britanică, engleză din Regatul Unit

the variety of English language used primarily in the United States, characterized by its distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar conventions

engleză americană, limba engleză americană

a variety of English spoken predominantly by African Americans in the United States

Ebonics, Engleză afro-americană

an individual who is proficient in and able to switch between two distinct dialects or varieties of a language, typically based on regional or social factors

bidialectal, bilingv dialectal

a linguistic phenomenon where speakers or writers overcompensate for a perceived error or nonstandard usage by using a form that is actually incorrect or nonstandard

hipercorectare

a linguistic feature that distinguishes between formal and informal forms of address in language, often indicating social status or hierarchy

distincția T-V, distincție între formele formale și informale

a word, phrase, or grammatical construction that is borrowed from the English language into another language

anglicism, împrumut din limba engleză

a word, phrase, pronunciation, or cultural trait that is specific to or associated with British English or British culture

britanism, termen britanic

speech in which every declarative clause, sentence, etc. ends with a rising intonation, as if a question

intonatie ascendentă, intonatie înaltă

the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency

interlimbaj, limbaj intermediar

the intentional actions taken to shape or control how a language is used in a community or society

planificarea limbii, managementul limbii

the process of evaluating an individual's language proficiency or abilities through various tests, examinations, or evaluations

evaluare a limbii, evaluare lingvistică

a word or phrase with a predetermined meaning that is used instead of the usual name or word for something

cuvânt cod, cuvânt cheie

the advocacy or belief in preserving or purifying a language by purging it of foreign or non-standard elements, often aiming for linguistic preservation and cultural identity

purism lingvistic, purismul limbii

a distinct layer or level within a language system, such as different dialects, sociolects, or registers, that are associated with specific social groups, regions, or levels of formality

strat, nivel

the linguistic influence of a less prestigious language on a dominant language in contact, resulting in the adoption or transfer of phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical features

substrat, substanță de bază