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C1 Level Wordlist - History and Artifacts

Here you will learn some English words about history and artifacts, such as "carriage", "dungeon", "abolition", etc. prepared for C1 learners.

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CEFR C1 Vocabulary
archive
[noun]

a place or a collection of records or documents of historical importance

Ex: archive of the newspaper provides a valuable resource for studying local history and events .
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the study of books' history, their classification, production, editions, etc.

Ex: The course on bibliology covers the development of manuscript illumination and illustration techniques.
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abolition
[noun]

the act of formally and completely ending a system, practice, institution, or law

Ex: Various countries have implemented laws and reforms to ensure abolition of child labor , aiming to protect the rights and well-being of children .
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an area where a battle is being or was fought

Ex: Archaeologists discovered artifacts buried beneath battlefield, shedding light on ancient warfare techniques .
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shield
[noun]

a large piece of armor made of strong material, carried on the arm by soldiers in the past

Ex: In medieval times , knights adorned shields with colorful heraldic designs to identify their families .
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spear
[noun]

a weapon with a long handle and a metal pointed tip, used for fighting and fishing in the past

Ex: During the hunt , the tribesmen worked together to surround the wild boar and attack it spears.
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tomahawk
[noun]

a small-sized ax used by Native Americans for fighting or as a tool

Ex: The explorer admired the craftsmanship of the ornately tomahawk on display at the cultural center .
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bow
[noun]

a curved weapon joined at both ends by a string, capable of shooting arrows

Ex: She drew back the bowstring, feeling the tension build before releasing the arrow with precision.
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dagger
[noun]

a short weapon with a pointed blade

Ex: In ancient timesdaggers were used for close combat and as tools for everyday tasks .
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cannon
[noun]

a large and powerful gun that was used in the past to fire stone or metal balls

Ex: Cannons played a crucial role in shaping the outcome of battles throughout history .
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carriage
[noun]

a vehicle with usually four wheels, pulled by one or more horses

Ex: The carriage was adorned with gold trim and velvet cushions for maximum comfort .
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chariot
[noun]

a vehicle with two wheels, drawn by horses, used in ancient times for warfare and racing

Ex: Chariot racing was a popular sport in ancient Rome, drawing large crowds to the Circus Maximus.
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dungeon
[noun]

an underground room in which prisoners were confined, particularly in a castle

Ex: She explored dungeon during the castle tour , imagining the hardships of those who were imprisoned there .
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fort
[noun]

a building or group of buildings used by troops to protect an area

Ex: fort's walls were reinforced with stone and earthworks to withstand sieges and assaults .
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conqueror
[noun]

someone who forcibly takes control of a city or country and its citizens

Ex: Genghis Khan , a conqueror, expanded the Mongol Empire across vast regions of Asia and Europe .
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successor
[noun]

a person or thing that is next in line to someone or something else

Ex: The company was eager to find a worthy successor to continue the founder's legacy and lead it into the future.
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reign
[noun]

the period that a monarch rules

Ex: The reign of the king saw significant advancements in arts and science throughout the kingdom .
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to crown
[Verb]

to place a crown on someone's head in a ceremony so that person officially becomes a king or queen

Ex: The citizens eagerly awaited the moment when the prince would crowned as the rightful heir to the throne .
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peasant
[noun]

a farmer who owns or rents a small piece of land, particularly in the past or in poorer countries

Ex: In many poorer countriespeasants continue to use traditional farming methods handed down from their ancestors .
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primitive
[Adjective]

characteristic of an early stage of human or animal evolution

Ex: The island 's ecosystem still primitive species that have remained unchanged for centuries .
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datable
[Adjective]

able to be dated to a specific time

Ex: The artifacts discovered in the tomb were datable due to the inscriptions that indicated the reign of a specific pharaoh .
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prehistoric
[Adjective]

relating or belonging to the time before history was recorded

Ex: Researchers use carbon dating to determine the age prehistoric artifacts .
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ice age
[noun]

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

Ex: Geological evidence suggests that ice age shaped many of the Earth 's current landscapes and ecosystems .
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Stone age
[noun]

the early period of human history when people used things such as stone, horn, bone, etc. to make tools

Ex: The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age marked a significant technological and cultural shift in human history.
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the period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools

Ex: Trade flourished during Bronze Age, as cultures exchanged bronze goods , ideas , and innovations across vast distances .
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Iron Age
[noun]

the period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time

Ex: Iron Age brought about changes in social structures and trade , as iron became a valuable and widely-used resource .
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a period of great prosperity and success, particularly in the past

Ex: golden age of Islam saw major contributions to science , medicine , and philosophy , influencing many future generations .
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medieval
[Adjective]

belonging or related to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from roughly the 5th to the 15th century

Ex: Medieval armor and weapons are displayed in the exhibit on chivalric knights .
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a philosophical movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science were of more importance than tradition and religion

Ex: The Enlightenment had a profound impact on political thought, influencing the ideas of democracy and individual rights.
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civil war
[noun]

a war that is between people who are in the same country

Ex: Civil wars typically arise from internal conflicts over political , social , or economic differences within a nation .
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colonial
[Adjective]

related to a country that controls another territory or country

Ex: Colonial governments imposed taxes and tariffs on local populations to colonial administration and infrastructure projects .
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imperial
[Adjective]

related to the characteristics or actions of an empire or emperor

Ex: The decline of imperial system marked the end of an era in history .
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mythology
[noun]

a collection of ancient myths, particularly one that belongs to a group of people and their history, etc.

Ex: Many cultures around the world have their mythology, which reflects their history , values , and worldview .
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the period of time in the 18th and 19th centuries that machines were used for the first time for mass production of goods, started in Britain

Ex: The Industrial Revolution brought about profound economic, social, and technological changes that continue to shape the modern world.
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pharaoh
[noun]

a title used for ancient Egyptian rulers

Ex: Hieroglyphic inscriptions on temple walls and monuments often glorified the achievements and divine status of the pharaohs.
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the study of civilizations of the past and historical periods by the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

Ex: The field of archaeology includes various sub-disciplines such as maritime archaeology, historical archaeology, and bioarchaeology.
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bloodline
[noun]

all family members of a person over several generations, particularly a notable person

Ex: The geneticist studied the bloodline to trace hereditary traits and medical conditions across multiple generations .
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artifact
[noun]

a man-made object, tool, weapon, etc. that was created in the past and holds historical or cultural significance

Ex: artifact, a beautifully carved statue , was a significant find that helped date the historical site .
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war-torn
[Adjective]

(of a country or place) damaged or destroyed severely as an aftermath of war

Ex: Journalists reported from the heart of war-torn area , documenting the impact of ongoing conflict on civilians .
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any weapon that is capable of hitting a target at a distance beyond the reach of hands

Ex: Hunters in the wild relied on their trusty crossbows as a silent and effective ranged weapon for taking down game.
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a hand-held weapon such as a sword, spear, etc., used when one attacks enemies at a close range

Ex: Tribal warriors in ancient times crafted spears and axes as versatile melee weapons for hunting and defense.
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machete
[noun]

a long knife that has a wide and heavy blade, used as a weapon or a tool to cut plants and trees

Ex: machete's sharp blade makes it a formidable weapon in self-defense and survival situations .
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spartan
[Adjective]

relating to a city-state in ancient Greece called Sparta or its people

Ex: Spartan women enjoyed more rights and freedoms compared to other Greek city-states , participating actively in public life and sports .
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