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C1 Level Wordlist - History and Artifacts

Here you will learn some English words about history and artifacts, such as "carriage", "dungeon", "abolition", etc. prepared for C1 learners.

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CEFR C1 Vocabulary
archive
archive
[noun]

a collection of records or documents preserved for their historical value, or the place where such materials are kept

Ex: The university archive contains letters written by former students. 
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bibliography

the study of books' history, their classification, production, editions, etc.

Ex: Bibliography, as the study of books' production and dissemination throughout history, encompasses the evolution of printing technologies and publishing practices. 
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abolition
abolition
[noun]

the act of formally and completely ending a system, practice, institution, or law

Ex: The abolition of slavery in the 19th century marked a significant milestone in the fight for human rights. 
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battlefield

an area where a battle is being or was fought

Ex: Soldiers advanced cautiously across the battlefield, taking cover behind trees and rocks. 
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shield
shield
[noun]

a broad piece of armor carried on the arm to protect the body from weapons

Ex: The soldier raised his shield to block the arrow. 
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spear
spear
[noun]

a weapon with a long handle and a metal pointed tip, used for fighting and fishing in the past

Ex: The hunter used a spear to catch fish in the river. 
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tomahawk
tomahawk
[noun]

a small-sized ax used by Native Americans for fighting or as a tool

Ex: The Native American warrior skillfully wielded a tomahawk in battle. 
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bow
bow
[noun]

a curved weapon with a string stretched between its ends, used for shooting arrows

Ex: Ryan learned to shoot a bow at summer camp. 
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dagger
dagger
[noun]

a short weapon with a pointed blade

Ex: The assassin concealed a dagger in his cloak as he approached the target. 
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cannon
cannon
[noun]

a large and powerful gun that was used in the past to fire stone or metal balls

Ex: The fortress defended the city with rows of cannons lining its walls. 
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carriage
carriage
[noun]

a wheeled vehicle, usually with four wheels, that is pulled by one or more horses and carries people

Ex: The couple arrived at the palace in a horse-drawn carriage. 
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chariot
chariot
[noun]

a vehicle with two wheels, drawn by horses, used in ancient times for warfare and racing

Ex: The chariot raced around the arena, cheered on by spectators at the ancient games. 
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dungeon
dungeon
[noun]

an underground room in which prisoners were confined, particularly in a castle

Ex: The dungeon in the old castle was damp and dark, with thick stone walls. 
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fort
fort
[noun]

a strong defensive building or enclosed position designed to resist military attack

Ex: The soldiers defended the fort throughout the night. 
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conqueror
conqueror
[noun]

someone who forcibly takes control of a city or country and its citizens

Ex: Alexander the Great is remembered as a legendary conqueror who created one of the largest empires in history. 
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successor
successor
[noun]

a person who takes over a job, position, title, or role after someone else

Ex: The board has not yet chosen a successor to the retiring director. 
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reign
reign
[noun]

the period during which a particular monarch rules

Ex: The palace was built during the king's reign. 
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to crown
to crown
[Verb]

to place a crown on someone's head in a ceremony so that person officially becomes a king or queen

Ex: In the elaborate coronation ceremony, the Archbishop will crown the new monarch. 
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peasant
peasant
[noun]

a farmer who owns or rents a small piece of land, particularly in the past or in poorer countries

Ex: The peasant worked tirelessly in the fields, cultivating crops to feed his family and sell at the market. 
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primitive
primitive
[Adjective]

belonging to an early stage in the evolutionary development of humans or animals

Ex: Primitive humans relied on simple tools for hunting and survival. 
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datable
datable
[Adjective]

able to be dated to a specific time

Ex: The ancient pottery shards were datable to the Bronze Age, providing valuable insights into early human civilization. 
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prehistoric
prehistoric
[Adjective]

relating or belonging to the time before history was recorded

Ex: Archaeologists discovered prehistoric artifacts in the cave. 
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ice age
ice age
[noun]

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

Ex: During the last ice age, vast glaciers covered much of North America and Europe. 
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Stone age
Stone age
[noun]

the early period of human history when people used things such as stone, horn, bone, etc. to make tools

Ex: The Stone Age was characterized by the use of simple stone tools and the development of early human societies. 
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Bronze Age

the period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools

Ex: The Bronze Age marked a significant advancement in human technology with the development of metalworking skills. 
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Iron Age
Iron Age
[noun]

the period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time

Ex: The Iron Age followed the Bronze Age and was marked by the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons. 
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golden age

an idealized or imagined period of peace, prosperity, and happiness

Ex: The novel depicted a golden age of harmony in the kingdom. 
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medieval
medieval
[Adjective]

belonging or related to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from roughly the 5th to the 15th century

Ex: The castle is a masterpiece of medieval architecture, complete with towers and battlements. 
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Enlightenment

a philosophical movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science were of more importance than tradition and religion

Ex: The Enlightenment challenged traditional authority and promoted reason as the basis for understanding the world. 
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civil war
civil war
[noun]

a war that is between people who are in the same country

Ex: The American Civil War was fought between the Northern states (Union) and the Southern states (Confederacy) over issues of slavery and states' rights. 
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colonial
colonial
[Adjective]

relating to a colony, colonial rule, or colonialism

Ex: The country gained independence after decades of colonial rule. 
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imperial
imperial
[Adjective]

relating to an empire or to an emperor or empress

Ex: The palace was once the center of imperial power. 
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mythology
mythology
[noun]

a collection of ancient myths, particularly one that belongs to a group of people and their history, etc.

Ex: Greek mythology includes stories of gods, goddesses, and heroes such as Zeus, Athena, and Hercules. 
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industrial revolution

the period of time in the 18th and 19th centuries that machines were used for the first time for mass production of goods, started in Britain

Ex: The Industrial Revolution transformed society by introducing machinery and steam power to manufacturing processes. 
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pharaoh
pharaoh
[noun]

a title used for ancient Egyptian rulers

Ex: The pharaohs of ancient Egypt were considered god-kings, ruling with absolute authority over their kingdom. 
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archeology

the study of civilizations of the past and historical periods by the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

Ex: Archaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, sites, and other physical remains. 
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bloodline
bloodline
[noun]

all family members of a person over several generations, particularly a notable person

Ex: The Kennedy family's political influence spans generations, reflecting a storied bloodline in American history. 
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artifact
artifact
[noun]

a man-made object, tool, weapon, etc. that was created in the past and holds historical or cultural significance

Ex: Artifacts of early tool-making like stone knives and projectile points show the ingenuity and resourcefulness of Paleolithic humans. 
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war-torn
war-torn
[Adjective]

(of a country or place) damaged or destroyed severely as an aftermath of war

Ex: The humanitarian organization provided aid to families displaced from their war-torn homes. 
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ranged weapon

any weapon that is capable of hitting a target at a distance beyond the reach of hands

Ex: The archer's preferred ranged weapon was a finely crafted longbow, capable of hitting targets from a great distance. 
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melee weapon

a hand-held weapon such as a sword, spear, etc., used when one attacks enemies at a close range

Ex: The knight wielded a broadsword as his primary melee weapon in battle. 
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machete
machete
[noun]

a long knife that has a wide and heavy blade, used as a weapon or a tool to cut plants and trees

Ex: The farmer used a machete to clear thick brush and vegetation from his land. 
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spartan
spartan
[Adjective]

relating to a city-state in ancient Greece called Sparta or its people

Ex: Spartan warriors were known for their rigorous training and disciplined lifestyle. 
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