used to indicate the amount or degree by which something is different from another thing

によって, で
used to express a specific amount, age, value, etc.

の, の量
used to indicate a quantity or amount that surpasses a specified limit

~を超えて, ~以上
used to indicate a lower amount or degree in comparison to a specific standard or expectation

以下 (いか), 低下 (ていか)
(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

ほぼ, おおよそ
used to indicate subtraction or the exclusion of something from a total or whole

より少ない, なくて
used to indicate an increase or addition to a particular quantity, amount, or measurement

の上に, に対して
used to add extra or supplementary information

〜に加えて, 〜に加え
used to convey the idea of something being in addition to or accompanying the main thing mentioned

その上に, 加えて
used to introduce another item or person that is included in the same category or group as the previous one

および, ならびに
denoting the inclusion of something extra alongside existing tasks, responsibilities, or obligations

加えて, の上に
beyond what is expected, required, or usual

以上に, 余分に
used to show the factor or multiplier in a mathematical operation

の, で
used to indicate that something is increased by or combined with another thing; with the addition of

プラス, 加えて
used to show that something is taken away from a total

マイナス, 引く
