ACT 人文学科 - 因果性与意向性

在这里，你将学习一些与因果关系和意向性相关的英语单词，如“incur”、“premise”、“reluctant”等，这些将帮助你在ACT考试中取得好成绩。

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instigation

[名词]

the act of causing something to begin or occur

煽动, 教唆

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stimulus

[名词]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

刺激, 刺激物

Ex: Teachers often use interactive and engaging stimuli, like educational games or hands-on activities , to stimulate interest and enhance the learning experience in the classroom .教师经常使用互动和吸引人的**刺激物**，如教育游戏或实践活动，以激发兴趣并增强课堂学习体验。

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foundation

[名词]

the core principles or base upon which something is started, developed, calculated, or explained

基础, 根基

Ex: Understanding cultural diversity is the foundation of effective communication in a globalized world .理解文化多样性是全球化的世界中有效沟通的**基础**。

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underpinning

[名词]

a set of opinions, motives, or ideas that serve as a foundation of an argument, claim, etc.

基础, 依据

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causality

[名词]

the relationship between a cause and its effect

因果关系, 因果联系

Ex: The experiment was designed to test the causality of environmental factors on plant growth .该实验旨在测试环境因素对植物生长的**因果关系**。

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premise

[名词]

a theory or statement that acts as the foundation of an argument

前提, 假设

Ex: The legal case was built on the premise that the defendant had breached the contract intentionally .该法律案件建立在被告故意违反合同的**前提**之上。

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outcome

[名词]

the result or consequence that follows from a previous action, event, or situation

结果, 成果

Ex: The outcome of the election will determine the future direction of the country 's policies .选举的**结果**将决定国家政策的未来方向。

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to invoke

[动词]

to bring about or cause something to happen

唤起, 引发

Ex: The music invoked feelings of nostalgia , taking her back to her childhood .音乐**唤起**了怀旧之情，将她带回了童年。

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to underlie

[动词]

to serve as the foundation or primary cause for something

构成...的基础, 是...的根本原因

Ex: Economic factors underlie the recent fluctuations in the stock market .经济因素是股市近期波动的**基础**。

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to precipitate

[动词]

to bring about or accelerate the occurrence of something, often resulting in unexpected or unfavorable consequences

加速, 促使

Ex: The company 's hasty expansion plans may precipitate financial difficulties .公司仓促的扩张计划可能会**加速**财务困难。

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to catalyze

[动词]

to initiate or accelerate a process

催化, 加速

Ex: Innovation in education can catalyze improvements in student engagement and learning outcomes .教育中的**创新**可以**促进**学生参与度和学习成果的改善。

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to prompt

[动词]

to make something happen

促使, 引发

Ex: The discovery of a new species of endangered wildlife prompted conservation efforts to protect its habitat .发现一种新的濒危野生动物物种**促使**了保护其栖息地的努力。

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to pose

[动词]

to introduce danger, a threat, problem, etc.

构成, 造成

Ex: The rapid spread of misinformation on social media platforms poses a challenge to public discourse and understanding .社交媒体平台上错误信息的快速传播给公共话语和理解**带来了**挑战。

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to stem

[动词]

to be caused by something

源于, 源自

Ex: The traffic congestion downtown largely stems from the ongoing construction projects and road closures.市中心的交通拥堵很大程度上**源于**正在进行的建设项目和道路封闭。

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to animate

[动词]

to invoke emotions, enthusiasm, or energy in people

使活跃, 激励

Ex: The little gestures of kindness animated the meeting , making it feel warm and welcoming .善意的小举动**活跃**了会议，使其感觉温暖而热情。

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to elicit

[动词]

to make someone react in a certain way or reveal information

引出, 获得

Ex: The survey was carefully crafted to elicit specific feedback and opinions from the participants.该调查经过精心设计，以**获取**参与者的具体反馈和意见。

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to exert

[动词]

to put force on something or to use power in order to influence someone or something

施加, 运用

Ex: Large corporations often exert a significant influence on market trends .大公司往往对市场趋势 **施加** 重大影响。

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to necessitate

[动词]

to make something required due to specific circumstances

需要, 使成为必要

Ex: Rapid technological advancements necessitate continuous investment in research and development .快速的技术进步**需要**持续的研究和开发投资。

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to incur

[动词]

to face consequences as a result of one's own actions

招致, 遭受

Ex: She incurs the responsibility of managing the team 's performance .她**承担**了管理团队绩效的责任。

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to spearhead

[动词]

to be the person who leads something like an attack, campaign, movement, etc.

带头, 领导

Ex: The CEO spearheaded a new business strategy to revitalize the company .首席执行官**领导**了一项新的商业战略以重振公司。

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to incite

[动词]

to encourage or provoke someone to take action

煽动, 挑衅

Ex: The rally incited the crowd to stand up for their rights .集会**煽动**人群站起来争取他们的权利。

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grassroots

[形容词]

originating from the most basic level

基层的, 民间的

Ex: Grassroots strategies were implemented to ensure the intentional and effective use of resources .实施了**基层**策略，以确保资源的有意和有效使用。

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indicative

[形容词]

serving as a clear sign or signal of something

指示的, 表现的

Ex: His calm demeanor during the crisis was indicative of his strong leadership abilities .他在危机期间的冷静态度**表明**了他强大的领导能力。

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conducive

[形容词]

leading to the desired goal or result by providing the right conditions

有利的, 有助于

Ex: Positive feedback from parents is conducive to a child 's self-esteem .家长的积极反馈**有助于**孩子的自尊心。

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impulse

[名词]

a sudden strong urge or desire to do something, often without thinking or planning beforehand

冲动, 突然的欲望

Ex: She resisted the impulse to reply angrily to the criticism .她抵抗住了愤怒回应批评的**冲动**。

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volition

[名词]

the faculty to use free will and make decisions

意志, 自由意志

Ex: Despite the challenges , she faced them with determination and volition, refusing to give up on her goals .尽管面临挑战，她还是以决心和**意志**面对它们，拒绝放弃自己的目标。

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resistance

[名词]

the act of refusing to accept or obey something such as a plan, law, or change

抵抗

Ex: The artist faced resistance from critics who did not appreciate her unconventional style .这位艺术家面临着来自不欣赏她非传统风格的评论家的**抵制**。

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reluctant

[形容词]

not welcoming or willing to do something because it is undesirable

不情愿的, 勉强的

Ex: The dog was reluctant to enter the water , hesitating at the edge of the pool .那只狗**不情愿**进入水中，在游泳池边犹豫不决。

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purposeful

[形容词]

having a clear aim or intention

有目的的, 坚决的

Ex: The architect designed the building with purposeful attention to detail , emphasizing both form and function .建筑师设计这座建筑时**有目的**地关注细节，强调形式和功能。

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spontaneous

[形容词]

tending to act on impulse or in the moment

自发的, 冲动的

Ex: Despite her careful nature , she occasionally had spontaneous bursts of creativity , leading to unexpected projects .尽管她性格谨慎，但偶尔会有**自发的**创造力爆发，导致意想不到的项目。

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senseless

[形容词]

without purpose or reason, often referring to violent or wasteful actions

无意义的, 荒谬的

Ex: The senseless violence shocked the community .**无谓的**暴力震惊了社区。

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unintended

[形容词]

happening without being planned or deliberately caused

无意的, 意外的

Ex: The social media campaign had unintended consequences , sparking controversy and backlash .社交媒体活动产生了**意想不到**的后果，引发了争议和强烈反对。