Ngôn Ngữ Học - Sociolinguistics

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

tiếng địa phương

a manner of speaking that indicates social class, nationality, or locality of the speaker

giọng, phát âm

the everyday language spoken by a particular group of people in a specific region or community

tiếng địa phương, ngôn ngữ bản địa

a regulated and accepted form of a language that is widely used in formal settings, education, government, and media

tiếng chuẩn, ngôn ngữ chuẩn

(linguistics) a variety of language that is used in a particular social context, based on the communicative purpose and social status of the user

đăng ký, đăng ký ngôn ngữ

words, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others

biệt ngữ, thuật ngữ

the unique language variety or style of an individual speaker

idiolect, idiolect (biến thể ngôn ngữ độc đáo của một người nói)

the phenomenon in which multiple forms or variants of a linguistic element, such as a phoneme, morpheme, or word, can be used interchangeably without affecting the meaning or grammaticality of a sentence

biến thể tự do, biến thể miễn phí

a variety of a language that is spoken in a specific geographical region

địa phương, tiếng địa phương

a variation of a language associated with a specific social group or class, characterized by distinct linguistic features influenced by social factors

địa phương xã hội, biến thể ngôn ngữ xã hội

the first language or mother tongue that a person acquires naturally from birth or early childhood and is typically the language they are most proficient in

tiếng mẹ đẻ, ngôn ngữ bản địa

the social value and perceived status associated with a particular language, dialect, or speech variety

uy tín, địa vị

a prestigious and historically influential accent and pronunciation variant of Standard British English, commonly associated with educated speakers in the United Kingdom

Phát âm nhận được, Phát âm tiêu chuẩn

a group of people who share a common language or variety of a language and interact with one another using that language or variety

cộng đồng ngôn ngữ, cộng đồng thoại

the ability of speakers of different but related languages or dialects to understand each other to a certain degree due to similarities in their linguistic structures and vocabulary

sự thông hiểu lẫn nhau, hiểu biết lẫn nhau

a geographic boundary that marks the linguistic feature or variation in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between different dialects or language varieties

isogloss, ranh giới ngôn ngữ

a sociolinguistic situation where two distinct varieties or registers of a language are used in different social contexts or for different purposes, typically one being a high-prestige, formal variety and the other a low-prestige, informal variety

đối ngữ

the process of reducing linguistic differences between dialects, resulting in a more standardized variety of a language

cấp độ phương ngữ, chuẩn hóa tiếng địa phương

a group of closely related dialects that share significant linguistic similarities, often found in a specific geographical or cultural region

nhóm phương ngữ, mảng phương ngữ

a language or a simplified communication system that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages

lingua franca, ngôn ngữ chung

a set of interconnected or related language varieties, including dialects, registers, and other linguistic variants, that are used by a particular speech community or within a specific linguistic context

hệ thống ngôn ngữ

a range of dialects that are mutually intelligible to some degree, where each adjacent dialect shares similarities and gradually transitions into the next one

tiếp nối giọng địa phương, tính liên tục của các phương ngữ

a simplified language made up of two or more languages used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language but need to talk, for example for trading

pidgin

the process in which a simplified form of language, known as a pidgin, emerges as a means of communication between groups of people who do not share a common language

pidgin hóa, quá trình pidgin hóa

a constructed language designed to serve as a communication tool within a specific geographic region or zone

ngôn ngữ hỗ trợ khu vực, ngôn ngữ giúp đỡ vùng

a language that has been evolved from a mixture of a European and a local language, spoken as a mother tongue

tiếng kreol, ngôn ngữ kreol

the process through which a new language, known as a creole, emerges as a result of contact between different languages, typically in situations of colonization, slavery, or migration

tiến trình Creole hóa, quá trình Creole hóa

the process whereby a creole language undergoes changes that make it more similar to its lexifier language or other dominant languages in the surrounding linguistic environment

decreolization, quá trình decreolization

the spectrum of language varieties that emerge and evolve in a community following the formation of a creole language, ranging from more creole-like forms to more standard-like forms

t continuum hậu creole, quang phổ hậu creole

a constructed language that aims to resemble and function like a natural language, typically developed with the goal of facilitating international communication and cultural exchange

ngôn ngữ lập kế hoạch tự nhiên, ngôn ngữ nhân tạo tự nhiên

the movement or desire for a particular linguistic group to secede or break away from a larger language or linguistic community to establish their own independent language or dialect

ly điạ ngôn ngữ, tách ra ngôn ngữ

the phenomenon of switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or discourse, often influenced by social, cultural, or linguistic factors

code-switching, chuyển mã

a distinct form or type of a language, such as a regional variety, social variety, or stylistic variety, which may differ in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and usage

đa dạng, loại

the main language that makes it difficult to learn or understand a simplified language that developed from a mix of different languages

lexifier

the phenomenon of changing one's language or speech style based on different social contexts, audiences, or situations, often involving the use of different registers, dialects, or levels of formality

thay đổi phong cách, biến thể phong cách

the social value or status attached to non-standard or stigmatized forms of language, often within specific subcultures or communities, despite their lack of recognition or validation in broader society

uy tín ẩn, chất lượng tiềm ẩn

a language that is native to a particular region or territory and has been traditionally spoken by the indigenous or native population of that area

ngôn ngữ bản địa, tiếng địa phương

words or expressions that are very informal and more common in spoken form, used especially by a particular group of people, such as criminals, children, etc.

tiếng lóng, ngôn ngữ không chính thức

words, expressions, or topics that are considered socially or culturally inappropriate or offensive and are typically avoided or restricted in polite conversation

ngôn ngữ cấm kỵ, ngôn ngữ bị cấm

the English language as used in the United Kingdom

tiếng Anh Anh, tiếng Anh của Vương quốc Anh

the variety of English language used primarily in the United States, characterized by its distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar conventions

tiếng Anh Mỹ, tiếng Anh của Mỹ

a variety of English spoken predominantly by African Americans in the United States

Ebonics, Tiếng Anh người Mỹ gốc Phi

an individual who is proficient in and able to switch between two distinct dialects or varieties of a language, typically based on regional or social factors

hai phương ngữ, song ngữ phương ngữ

a linguistic phenomenon where speakers or writers overcompensate for a perceived error or nonstandard usage by using a form that is actually incorrect or nonstandard

siêu chỉnh sửa

a linguistic feature that distinguishes between formal and informal forms of address in language, often indicating social status or hierarchy

sự phân biệt T-V, phân biệt giữa cách xưng hô trang trọng và không trang trọng

a word, phrase, or grammatical construction that is borrowed from the English language into another language

anglicism, mượn từ tiếng Anh

a word, phrase, pronunciation, or cultural trait that is specific to or associated with British English or British culture

britticism, thuật ngữ Anh

speech in which every declarative clause, sentence, etc. ends with a rising intonation, as if a question

ngữ điệu tăng dần, ngữ điệu hỏi

the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency

ngôn ngữ trung gian, ngôn ngữ giao tiếp

the intentional actions taken to shape or control how a language is used in a community or society

kế hoạch ngôn ngữ, quản lý ngôn ngữ

the process of evaluating an individual's language proficiency or abilities through various tests, examinations, or evaluations

đánh giá ngôn ngữ, đánh giá ngôn ngữ

a word or phrase with a predetermined meaning that is used instead of the usual name or word for something

từ mã, từ khóa

the advocacy or belief in preserving or purifying a language by purging it of foreign or non-standard elements, often aiming for linguistic preservation and cultural identity

chủ nghĩa thuần túy ngôn ngữ, thuần hóa ngôn ngữ

a distinct layer or level within a language system, such as different dialects, sociolects, or registers, that are associated with specific social groups, regions, or levels of formality

tầng, lớp

the linguistic influence of a less prestigious language on a dominant language in contact, resulting in the adoption or transfer of phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical features

substratum, tầng dưới