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ACT Math and Assessment - Economics

Here you will learn some English words related to economics, such as "treasury", "commodity", "deposit", etc. that will help you ace your ACTs.

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ACT Vocabulary for Math and Assessment
to compensate

to give something, particularly money, to make up for the difficulty, pain, damage, etc. that someone has suffered

Ex: Insurance companies often compensate policyholders for property damage or loss. 
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to reimburse

to repay someone for expenses or losses they have experienced

Ex: If you provide the receipts, we'll be happy to reimburse you for the business-related expenses. 
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to accrue
to accrue
[Verb]

(particularly related to money) to gradually increase in amount or number

Ex: Interest accrues on the savings account, allowing the balance to grow steadily over the years. 
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to donate
to donate
[Verb]

to freely give goods, money, or food to someone or an organization

Ex: Individuals often donate clothing to local shelters during the winter months. 
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to fundraise

to seek financial contributions or donations for a particular cause, organization, or event

Ex: They fundraised tirelessly to support cancer research. 
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to acquire

to buy or begin to have something

Ex: Sophie was thrilled to acquire a rare and valuable stamp for her collection. 
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to borrow
to borrow
[Verb]

to use or take something belonging to someone else, with the idea of returning it

Ex: Can I borrow your umbrella? It's raining outside, and I left mine at home. 
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to deposit

to put an amount of money or other item of value into a bank account

Ex: She deposited her paycheck into her savings account to start building her nest egg. 
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to garner
to garner
[Verb]

to obtain or earn something desired or needed, typically through effort or skill

Ex: She garnered support from the community for her environmental initiative. 
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tariff
tariff
[noun]

a tax paid on goods imported or exported

Ex: The government imposed a tariff on imported steel to protect domestic producers. 
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levy
levy
[noun]

a charge or fee set, especially by authority or law

Ex: The government imposed a levy on imported goods to protect local industries. 
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dividend
dividend
[noun]

an amount of money paid regularly to the shareholders of a company

Ex: The company announced a quarterly dividend of $1 per share. 
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revenue
revenue
[noun]

the total income generated from business activities or other sources

Ex: The company's annual revenue exceeded expectations. 
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asset bubble

a situation in which the prices of assets, such as stocks, real estate, or commodities, become significantly inflated beyond their intrinsic value due to speculative investing or market hype

Ex: During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, many technology stocks experienced an asset bubble. 
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expense
expense
[noun]

the amount of money spent to do or have something

Ex: Keeping track of your monthly expenses can help you create a realistic budget. 
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austerity
austerity
[noun]

strict economic measures implemented by a government to reduce public expenditure and budget deficits

Ex: The government implemented austerity measures to tackle the mounting national debt. 
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commercialization

the process of introducing a new product or service into the market for sale

Ex: The commercialization of electric vehicles has increased significantly in recent years. 
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commodity
commodity
[noun]

(economics) an unprocessed material that can be traded in different exchanges or marketplaces

Ex: Oil has long been a highly valued commodity on the global market, influencing economies and politics. 
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asset
asset
[noun]

a valuable resource or quality owned by an individual, organization, or entity, typically with economic value and the potential to provide future benefits

Ex: Real estate is considered a valuable asset due to its potential for long-term appreciation and rental income. 
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boom-bust cycle

an economic cycle characterized by periods of rapid economic expansion followed by periods of contraction or recession

Ex: The housing market experienced a classic boom-bust cycle, with prices soaring rapidly before crashing suddenly. 
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economy of scale

the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size, output, or scale of operation

Ex: Large manufacturers benefit from economy of scale by producing goods at lower costs per unit. 
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stock market

the business of trading and exchanging shares of different companies

Ex: The stock market experienced a significant drop today, causing investors to worry about their portfolios. 
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fiduciary
fiduciary
[noun]

a person or organization that holds a position of trust, responsibility, and confidence to manage assets or property on behalf of others

Ex: As a fiduciary, the trustee must act in the best interests of the beneficiaries. 
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depreciation

a decline in something's price or value

Ex: The depreciation of the currency has led to an increase in the cost of imported goods. 
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salvage value

the estimated residual value of an asset at the end of its useful life

Ex: The salvage value of the old machinery was estimated to be $5,000 after ten years of use. 
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auction
auction
[noun]

a public sale in which goods or properties are sold to the person who bids higher

Ex: The painting was sold at an auction for a record-breaking price. 
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transaction

the general process of purchasing or selling something

Ex: The transaction of his public duties requires careful planning and execution. 
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subsidy
subsidy
[noun]

an amount of money that a government or organization pays to lower the costs of producing goods or providing services so that prices do not increase

Ex: The government provides subsidies to farmers to support agricultural production and maintain food security. 
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monopoly
monopoly
[noun]

a situation in which one organization or entity exclusively controls the production, distribution, or trade of a product or service, making other rivals unable to compete

Ex: Many indie bookstores face challenges in a landscape dominated by the monopoly of major online retailers. 
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handout
handout
[noun]

money, food, or other resources distributed freely to those in need, typically by an organization or government

Ex: The government provides financial handouts to support low-income families during economic downturns. 
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tuition
tuition
[noun]

an amount of money that one pays to receive an education, particularly in a university or college

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recession
recession
[noun]

a hard time in a country's economy characterized by a reduction in employment, production, and trade

Ex: During the recession, many businesses were forced to close, leading to widespread job losses. 
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bankruptcy

a situation in which a person or business is unable to pay due debts

Ex: The company declared bankruptcy after years of financial losses. 
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blockbuster

a thing that achieves great widespread popularity or financial success, particularly a movie, book, or other product

Ex: The new superhero movie became a blockbuster, earning over $1 billion at the box office. 
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stake
stake
[noun]

an amount of money invested in a business

Ex: She purchased a significant stake in the startup company to support its growth. 
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consumer
consumer
[noun]

someone who buys and uses services or goods

Ex: As a consumer, she prefers products that are eco-friendly and sustainable. 
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investor
investor
[noun]

a person or organization that provides money or resources to a business or project with the expectation of making a profit

Ex: The investor provided capital to help the startup launch. 
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overhead
overhead
[noun]

the regular costs required for maintaining a business or an organization

Ex: Rent, utilities, and insurance are all part of the company's overhead. 
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outlay
outlay
[noun]

the sum of money spent

Ex: The total outlay for the renovations was $50,000. 
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opulence
opulence
[noun]

wealth or affluence, especially when displayed in a showy manner

Ex: Tourists often visit the city to witness the opulence of its historic mansions and estates. 
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treasury
treasury
[noun]

the funds and resources that a country or organization controls

Ex: The government announced a new budget for the national treasury. 
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bounty
bounty
[noun]

a reward or payment given as motivation for completing a task or reaching an objective

Ex: The company offered a generous bounty for employees who referred qualified candidates. 
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ledger
ledger
[noun]

a book or digital record that contains financial transactions and balances, organized by accounts

Ex: The accountant updated the ledger with the latest transactions. 
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pecuniary
pecuniary
[Adjective]

involving or about money

Ex: The contract outlined the pecuniary benefits offered to the employees. 
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fiscal
fiscal
[Adjective]

relating to government revenue or public money, especially taxes

Ex: The government faces challenges in balancing fiscal priorities while addressing social needs. 
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monetary
monetary
[Adjective]

relating to money or currency

Ex: The central bank sets monetary policy to regulate the supply of money in the economy. 
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lucrative
lucrative
[Adjective]

capable of producing a lot of profit or earning a great amount of money for someone

Ex: The real estate market in the city is highly lucrative for investors. 
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marketable
marketable
[Adjective]

desirable or sought after, especially by employers or in the marketplace

Ex: His computer programming skills make him highly marketable in the tech industry. 
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intensive
intensive
[Adjective]

(in business) concentrating on or using something a lot, such as a piece of equipment, etc.

Ex: The company adopted a labor-intensive production method to reduce costs. 
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profitable
profitable
[Adjective]

(of a business) providing benefits or valuable returns

Ex: The new marketing strategy proved highly profitable, increasing the company's revenue by 20% in just six months. 
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nonprofit
nonprofit
[Adjective]

(of an organization, activity, etc.) operating without the goal of generating any financial benefits

Ex: ertaining to an organization or activity that does not operate for the purpose of making a profit. 
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capitalistic
capitalistic
[Adjective]

characterized by an economic system where private ownership of businesses and resources drives production and distribution with a focus on profit

Ex: The country's economy is largely capitalistic, with a strong emphasis on free markets. 
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high-end
high-end
[Adjective]

having a much higher quality and price than the rest of their kind

Ex: She treated herself to a high-end handbag as a reward for reaching her career goals. 
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parsimonious
parsimonious
[Adjective]

spending money very reluctantly

Ex: Critics argued the government had grown too parsimonious in funding for education and social programs. 
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extravagant
extravagant
[Adjective]

costing a lot of money, more than the necessary or affordable amount

Ex: She threw an extravagant birthday party with live music and gourmet catering. 
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affluent
affluent
[Adjective]

possessing a great amount of riches and material goods

Ex: The affluent neighborhood was characterized by its luxurious homes and upscale amenities. 
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upscale
upscale
[Adjective]

high quality, luxurious, or intended for a wealthier clientele

Ex: The upscale restaurant offered a menu featuring gourmet dishes prepared with the finest ingredients. 
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lavish
lavish
[Adjective]

generous in giving or expressing

Ex: The team received lavish praise for their outstanding performance. 
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real estate

a piece of land, building, or other similar property as opposed to personal possessions

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