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Základní Slovní Zásoba pro GRE - Vědecky Řečeno

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova o vědě, jako jsou "antigen", "klon", "lymfa" atd., která jsou potřebná pro zkoušku GRE.

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
zoology
zoology
[Podstatné jméno]

a branch of science that deals with animals

zoologie, věda o zvířatech

zoologie, věda o zvířatech

Ex: She decided to major in zoology because of her fascination with animal behavior. 
botany
botany
[Podstatné jméno]

the scientific study of plants, their structure, genetics, classification, etc.

botanika

botanika

Ex: She majored in botany to learn about plant genetics and classification. 
synthesis
synthesis
[Podstatné jméno]

the act of producing a substance that exists in living beings

syntéza

syntéza

Ex: The liver plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins necessary for blood clotting. 
antigen
antigen
[Podstatné jméno]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antigen, antigenní látka

antigen, antigenní látka

Ex: The vaccine introduces a harmless antigen to stimulate immunity. 
cortisol
cortisol
[Podstatné jméno]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

kortizol, steroidní hormon

kortizol, steroidní hormon

Ex: High levels of cortisol can increase stress and anxiety. 
clone
clone
[Podstatné jméno]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

klon, klonování

klon, klonování

Ex: The scientists observed the behavior of the bacterial clone to understand how it would respond to different antibiotics. 
dominant
dominant
[Přídavné jméno]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominantní, převládající

dominantní, převládající

Ex: The gene for brown eyes is dominant over the gene for blue eyes. 
fetus
fetus
[Podstatné jméno]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

plod, embryo

plod, embryo

Ex: The ultrasound showed that the fetus was developing normally. 
gene pool
gene pool
[Podstatné jméno]

all of the genes that are available within breeding populations of a particular species of animal or plant

genofond, genetický bazén

genofond, genetický bazén

Ex: A diverse gene pool helps ensure the health and adaptability of a species. 
genome
genome
[Podstatné jméno]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genom

genom

Ex: The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding all the information needed for human development and function. 
incubation
incubation
[Podstatné jméno]

the controlled maintenance of a specific temperature; fostering optimal conditions for the development of organisms, processes, or materials

inkubace

inkubace

Ex: The scientist adjusted the incubation temperature for the bacterial cultures. 
lymph
lymph
[Podstatné jméno]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

lymfa, lymfatická tekutina

lymfa, lymfatická tekutina

Ex: Swelling can occur when lymph is not properly drained. 
membrane
membrane
[Podstatné jméno]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

membrána, blána

membrána, blána

Ex: The cell membrane protects the interior of the cell. 
to mutate
to mutate
[sloveso]

to experience genetic changes

mutovat, podlehnout genetickým změnám

mutovat, podlehnout genetickým změnám

Ex: Over time, certain organisms may mutate to adapt to environmental pressures. 
neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
[Podstatné jméno]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmiter

neurotransmiter

Ex: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. 
symbiosis
symbiosis
[Podstatné jméno]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

symbióza, symbiotický vztah

symbióza, symbiotický vztah

Ex: The relationship between cleaner fish and larger fish, where the cleaner fish remove parasites, represents a mutualistic symbiosis. 
specimen
specimen
[Podstatné jméno]

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

vzorek, exemplář

vzorek, exemplář

Ex: The scientist examined the specimen under the microscope for research. 
to secrete
to secrete
[sloveso]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

vylučovat, produkovat

vylučovat, produkovat

Ex: Salivary glands secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. 
propagation
propagation
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of natural multiplication; representing the expansion of a population over time

šíření, množení

šíření, množení

Ex: Scientists studied the propagation of bacteria in different conditions. 
pigmentation
pigmentation
[Podstatné jméno]

the natural coloring of tissues, surfaces, or structures; contributing to the characteristic hues or tones observed in animals, plants, or human beings

pigmentace, zbarvení

pigmentace, zbarvení

Ex: Pigmentation varies greatly among different species of plants. 
physiology
physiology
[Podstatné jméno]

the field of science that studies the function or interactions among organisms

fyziologie

fyziologie

Ex: She is studying physiology to understand how the body's systems work together. 
to ovulate
to ovulate
[sloveso]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

ovulovat

ovulovat

Ex: To understand her cycle, she tracked when she ovulates. 
nucleus
nucleus
[Podstatné jméno]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

jádro, nukleus

jádro, nukleus

Ex: The nucleus of a cell contains genetic material in the form of DNA, which regulates cellular activities. 
metabolism
metabolism
[Podstatné jméno]

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

metabolismus, látková výměna

metabolismus, látková výměna

Ex: Metabolism involves various biochemical reactions that convert nutrients from food into energy. 
carbon dating
carbon dating
[Podstatné jméno]

a method used for measuring how old an organic material is by calculating the amount of carbon they contain

uhlíkové datování, radiokarbonová metoda datování

uhlíkové datování, radiokarbonová metoda datování

Ex: Carbon dating revealed that the ancient artifact was over 5,000 years old. 
cybernetics
cybernetics
[Podstatné jméno]

the study of how communication and control work in living organisms and machines, focusing on information flow, feedback, and system regulation

kybernetika, studium řídicích a komunikačních systémů

kybernetika, studium řídicích a komunikačních systémů

Ex: Cybernetics examines how the human brain processes information and controls various bodily functions. 
pathology
pathology
[Podstatné jméno]

a branch of medical science primarily focusing on the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury

patologie

patologie

Ex: The hospital offers specialized services in pathology, including the analysis of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. 
vivisection
vivisection
[Podstatné jméno]

the scientific and experimental operations performed on live animals

vivisekce

vivisekce

Ex: The ethics committee debated the use of vivisection in the laboratory. 
aerodynamics
aerodynamics
[Podstatné jméno]

the study of the behavior of air as it interacts with solid objects, particularly the flow of air around and through objects, and the effects of this interaction on the objects

aerodynamika, studium aerodynamiky

aerodynamika, studium aerodynamiky

Ex: Aerodynamics is essential in designing efficient aircraft wings, optimizing their shape for lift and minimizing drag during flight. 
volatile
volatile
[Přídavné jméno]

having a tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably, often characterized by fluctuations or instability

nestálý, nestabilní

nestálý, nestabilní

Ex: The weather in the region can be highly volatile throughout the year. 
vacuum
vacuum
[Podstatné jméno]

a space that is utterly empty of all matter

vakuum, prázdnota

vakuum, prázdnota

Ex: In physics, a vacuum is defined as a space devoid of any matter particles, including atoms and molecules. 
thermal
thermal
[Přídavné jméno]

related to heat or temperature, including how heat moves, how materials expand with temperature changes, and the energy stored in heat

tepelný, termický

tepelný, termický

Ex: As the temperature increased, the metal expanded due to thermal expansion. 
refraction
refraction
[Podstatné jméno]

the bending of the wave's path as it passes from one medium to another; caused by a change in its speed or direction

refrakce, ohyb vln

refrakce, ohyb vln

Ex: The refraction of light through the water created a rainbow effect. 
particle
particle
[Podstatné jméno]

(physics) any of the smallest units that energy or matter consists of, such as electrons, atoms, molecules, etc.

částice

částice

Ex: Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge. 
to oscillate
to oscillate
[sloveso]

to move back and forth repeatedly between two points or positions

kmitat, houpat se

kmitat, houpat se

Ex: The pendulum swung back and forth, oscillating steadily over time. 
nuclear fission
nuclear fission
[Podstatné jméno]

the process or action of splitting a nucleus into two or more parts resulting in the release of a significant amount of energy

jaderné štěpení, nukleární fission

jaderné štěpení, nukleární fission

Ex: Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. 
nuclear fusion
nuclear fusion
[Podstatné jméno]

(physics) the reaction in which two nuclei join together and produce energy

jaderná fúze

jaderná fúze

Ex: Nuclear fusion is the process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. 
momentum
momentum
[Podstatné jméno]

the strength of a moving object determined by multiplying how heavy it is by how fast it is going

hybnost,  moment

hybnost, moment

Ex: The car's momentum increased as it accelerated down the highway. 
isotope
isotope
[Podstatné jméno]

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

izotop, izotopická forma

izotop, izotopická forma

Ex: Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, with the former having 6 neutrons and the latter having 8 neutrons. 
kinetic
kinetic
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the energy associated with motion or movement, emphasizing the dynamic state of objects in action

kinetický, dynamický

kinetický, dynamický

Ex: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. 
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