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Необходимый Словарный Запас для GRE - Наука

Здесь вы выучите некоторые английские слова о науке, такие как "антиген", "клон", "лимфа" и т.д., которые необходимы для экзамена GRE.

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
zoology
zoology
[существительное]

a branch of science that deals with animals

зоология

зоология

Ex: She decided to major in zoology because of her fascination with animal behavior. 
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botany
botany
[существительное]

the scientific study of plants, their structure, genetics, classification, etc.

ботаника

ботаника

Ex: She majored in botany to learn about plant genetics and classification. 
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synthesis
synthesis
[существительное]

the act of producing a substance that exists in living beings

синтез

синтез

Ex: The liver plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins necessary for blood clotting. 
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antigen
antigen
[существительное]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

антиген

антиген

Ex: The vaccine introduces a harmless antigen to stimulate immunity. 
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cortisol
cortisol
[существительное]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

кортизол

кортизол

Ex: High levels of cortisol can increase stress and anxiety. 
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clone
clone
[существительное]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

клон

клон

Ex: The scientists observed the behavior of the bacterial clone to understand how it would respond to different antibiotics. 
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dominant
dominant
[прилагательное]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

доминантный

доминантный

Ex: The gene for brown eyes is dominant over the gene for blue eyes. 
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fetus
fetus
[существительное]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

плод

плод

Ex: The ultrasound showed that the fetus was developing normally. 
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gene pool
gene pool
[существительное]

all of the genes that are available within breeding populations of a particular species of animal or plant

генофонд

генофонд

Ex: A diverse gene pool helps ensure the health and adaptability of a species. 
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genome
genome
[существительное]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

геном

геном

Ex: The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding all the information needed for human development and function. 
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incubation
incubation
[существительное]

the controlled maintenance of a specific temperature; fostering optimal conditions for the development of organisms, processes, or materials

инкубация

инкубация

Ex: The scientist adjusted the incubation temperature for the bacterial cultures. 
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lymph
lymph
[существительное]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

лимфа

лимфа

Ex: Swelling can occur when lymph is not properly drained. 
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membrane
membrane
[существительное]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

мембрана

мембрана

Ex: The cell membrane protects the interior of the cell. 
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to mutate
to mutate
[глагол]

to experience genetic changes

мутировать

мутировать

Ex: Over time, certain organisms may mutate to adapt to environmental pressures. 
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neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
[существительное]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

нейромедиатор

нейромедиатор

Ex: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. 
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symbiosis
symbiosis
[существительное]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

симбиоз

симбиоз

Ex: The relationship between cleaner fish and larger fish, where the cleaner fish remove parasites, represents a mutualistic symbiosis. 
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specimen
specimen
[существительное]

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

образец

образец

Ex: The scientist examined the specimen under the microscope for research. 
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to secrete
to secrete
[глагол]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

выделять

выделять

Ex: Salivary glands secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. 
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propagation
propagation
[существительное]

the process of natural multiplication; representing the expansion of a population over time

распространение

распространение

Ex: Scientists studied the propagation of bacteria in different conditions. 
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pigmentation
pigmentation
[существительное]

the natural coloring of tissues, surfaces, or structures; contributing to the characteristic hues or tones observed in animals, plants, or human beings

пигментация

пигментация

Ex: Pigmentation varies greatly among different species of plants. 
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physiology
physiology
[существительное]

the field of science that studies the function or interactions among organisms

физиология

физиология

Ex: She is studying physiology to understand how the body's systems work together. 
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to ovulate
to ovulate
[глагол]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

овулировать

овулировать

Ex: To understand her cycle, she tracked when she ovulates. 
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nucleus
nucleus
[существительное]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

ядро

ядро

Ex: The nucleus of a cell contains genetic material in the form of DNA, which regulates cellular activities. 
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metabolism
metabolism
[существительное]

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

обмен веществ

обмен веществ

Ex: Metabolism involves various biochemical reactions that convert nutrients from food into energy. 
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carbon dating
carbon dating
[существительное]

a method used for measuring how old an organic material is by calculating the amount of carbon they contain

углеродное датирование

углеродное датирование

Ex: Carbon dating revealed that the ancient artifact was over 5,000 years old. 
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cybernetics
cybernetics
[существительное]

the study of how communication and control work in living organisms and machines, focusing on information flow, feedback, and system regulation

кибернетика

кибернетика

Ex: Cybernetics examines how the human brain processes information and controls various bodily functions. 
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pathology
pathology
[существительное]

a branch of medical science primarily focusing on the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury

патология

патология

Ex: The hospital offers specialized services in pathology, including the analysis of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. 
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vivisection
vivisection
[существительное]

the scientific and experimental operations performed on live animals

вивисекция

вивисекция

Ex: The ethics committee debated the use of vivisection in the laboratory. 
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aerodynamics
aerodynamics
[существительное]

the study of the behavior of air as it interacts with solid objects, particularly the flow of air around and through objects, and the effects of this interaction on the objects

аэродинамика

аэродинамика

Ex: Aerodynamics is essential in designing efficient aircraft wings, optimizing their shape for lift and minimizing drag during flight. 
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volatile
volatile
[прилагательное]

having a tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably, often characterized by fluctuations or instability

волатильный

волатильный

Ex: The weather in the region can be highly volatile throughout the year. 
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vacuum
vacuum
[существительное]

a space that is utterly empty of all matter

вакуум

вакуум

Ex: In physics, a vacuum is defined as a space devoid of any matter particles, including atoms and molecules. 
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thermal
thermal
[прилагательное]

related to heat or temperature, including how heat moves, how materials expand with temperature changes, and the energy stored in heat

тепловой

тепловой

Ex: As the temperature increased, the metal expanded due to thermal expansion. 
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refraction
refraction
[существительное]

the bending of the wave's path as it passes from one medium to another; caused by a change in its speed or direction

преломление

преломление

Ex: The refraction of light through the water created a rainbow effect. 
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particle
particle
[существительное]

(physics) any of the smallest units that energy or matter consists of, such as electrons, atoms, molecules, etc.

частица

частица

Ex: Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge. 
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to oscillate
to oscillate
[глагол]

to move back and forth repeatedly between two points or positions

колебаться

колебаться

Ex: The pendulum swung back and forth, oscillating steadily over time. 
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nuclear fission
nuclear fission
[существительное]

the process or action of splitting a nucleus into two or more parts resulting in the release of a significant amount of energy

ядерное деление

ядерное деление

Ex: Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. 
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nuclear fusion
nuclear fusion
[существительное]

(physics) the reaction in which two nuclei join together and produce energy

ядерной синтез

ядерной синтез

Ex: Nuclear fusion is the process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. 
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momentum
momentum
[существительное]

the strength of a moving object determined by multiplying how heavy it is by how fast it is going

импульс

импульс

Ex: The car's momentum increased as it accelerated down the highway. 
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isotope
isotope
[существительное]

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

изотоп

изотоп

Ex: Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, with the former having 6 neutrons and the latter having 8 neutrons. 
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kinetic
kinetic
[прилагательное]

relating to the energy associated with motion or movement, emphasizing the dynamic state of objects in action

кинетический

кинетический

Ex: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. 
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