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Slovní zásoba pro IELTS Academic (Skóre 6-7) - Philosophy

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova související s filozofií, která jsou nezbytná pro zkoušku Academic IELTS.

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Vocabulary for Academic IELTS (6-7)
empiricism
[Podstatné jméno]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirismus, empirická poznání

empirismus, empirická poznání

Ex: Critics empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .
relativism
[Podstatné jméno]

the philosophical position that views truth, morality, or knowledge as dependent on individual perspectives, cultural contexts, or historical circumstances, and rejects absolute or universal standards

relativismus, relativní myšlení

relativismus, relativní myšlení

Ex: Historicism , a form relativism, emphasizes that historical events and ideas must be understood within the context of their time .
existentialism
[Podstatné jméno]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existencialismus, existenciální filozofie

existencialismus, existenciální filozofie

causality
[Podstatné jméno]

the relationship between a cause and its effect

kauzalita, příčinnost

kauzalita, příčinnost

Ex: The experiment was designed to test causality of environmental factors on plant growth .
materialism
[Podstatné jméno]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialismus, materiální filozofie

materialismus, materiální filozofie

skepticism
[Podstatné jméno]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticismus, skeptická filozofie

skepticismus, skeptická filozofie

cynicism
[Podstatné jméno]

a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions

cynismus, skepticismus

cynismus, skepticismus

Ex: While some cynicism as a protective mechanism against disappointment and deceit , others argue that it can foster negativity and inhibit genuine connection and cooperation .
ethics
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etika, morální filozofie

etika, morální filozofie

virtue
[Podstatné jméno]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a virtue.
dialectic
[Podstatné jméno]

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

dialektika, dialektické zkoumání

dialektika, dialektické zkoumání

Ex: dialectic process involves thesis , antithesis , and synthesis , where conflicting ideas are confronted and reconciled to arrive at a higher truth .
idealism
[Podstatné jméno]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealistický pohled, idealismus

idealistický pohled, idealismus

rationalism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

racionalismus, racionalita

racionalismus, racionalita

humanism
[Podstatné jméno]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanismus, humánní myšlení

humanismus, humánní myšlení

logic
[Podstatné jméno]

a field of study that deals with the ways of thinking, explaining, and reasoning

logika, logické uvažování

logika, logické uvažování

Ex: Some debate topics require a strong foundation logic to ensure the arguments presented are coherent and valid .
dualism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

dualismus, dvojismysl

dualismus, dvojismysl

Ex: dualism explores the binary classification of gender roles and identities into male and female categories .
aesthetics
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetika, aestetika

estetika, aestetika

mechanism
[Podstatné jméno]

a philosophical perspective that views natural phenomena, including living organisms and their behavior, as analogous to machines operating based on deterministic physical and chemical processes, without the need for supernatural or non-physical explanations

mechanismus, strojní přístup

mechanismus, strojní přístup

Ex: Mechanism is contrasted with vitalism , which posits the existence of a vital force or essence beyond physical and chemical processes .
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