(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition
经验主义, 经验主义
经验主义强调观察而非推测。
the philosophical position that views truth, morality, or knowledge as dependent on individual perspectives, cultural contexts, or historical circumstances, and rejects absolute or universal standards
相对主义, 文化相对主义
认识相对主义认为知识和真理是主观的，取决于个人或文化的观点。
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
存在主义
the relationship between a cause and its effect
因果关系, 因果联系
该研究旨在确定新疗法有效性的因果关系。
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
唯物主义, 唯物哲学
a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions
愤世嫉俗, 怀疑主义
老师对她学生的愤世嫉俗感到沮丧，他们认为所有大人都想害他们。
a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person
美德, 品质
她钦佩他的诚实和其他美德。
a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments
辩证法, 辩证方法
辩证法通过逻辑讨论帮助澄清思想。
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
唯心主义, 对观念优先性的信念
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
理性主义, 唯理论
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
人文主义, 人道主义
a field of study that deals with the ways of thinking, explaining, and reasoning
逻辑
古希腊人，尤其是亚里士多德，对逻辑学领域做出了重大贡献。
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
二元论, 二元论学说
实体二元论认为心灵和身体由不同的基本实体组成，如精神和物质实体。
a philosophical perspective that views natural phenomena, including living organisms and their behavior, as analogous to machines operating based on deterministic physical and chemical processes, without the need for supernatural or non-physical explanations
机制, 机械论
与勒内·笛卡尔相关的笛卡尔机制认为，动物是没有意识的自动机，按照机械原理运作。
