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the philosophical position that views truth, morality, or knowledge as dependent on individual perspectives, cultural contexts, or historical circumstances, and rejects absolute or universal standards
相对主义
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
存在主义
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
唯物主义
a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories
辩证法
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
唯心主义
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
理性主义
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
人文主义
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
二元论
a philosophical perspective that views natural phenomena, including living organisms and their behavior, as analogous to machines operating based on deterministic physical and chemical processes, without the need for supernatural or non-physical explanations
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