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Bokabularyo para sa IELTS Academic (Score 6-7) - Pilosopiya

Dito, matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles na may kaugnayan sa Pilosopiya na kailangan para sa Academic IELTS exam.

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Vocabulary for Academic IELTS (6-7)
empiricism
empiricism
[Pangngalan]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empirisismo, empirisismo

empirisismo, empirisismo

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 

Si John Locke ay isang sentral na pigura sa pilosopikal na empirismo.

relativism
relativism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical position that views truth, morality, or knowledge as dependent on individual perspectives, cultural contexts, or historical circumstances, and rejects absolute or universal standards

relatibismo, relatibidad pangkultura

relatibismo, relatibidad pangkultura

Ex: Cultural relativism is a form of relativism that asserts that ethical or moral judgments are culturally determined and vary across societies. 

Ang relativismo na pangkultura ay isang anyo ng relativismo na nagpapatunay na ang mga paghatol na etikal o moral ay tinutukoy ng kultura at nag-iiba sa mga lipunan.

existentialism
existentialism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

eksistensyalismo

eksistensyalismo

causality
causality
[Pangngalan]

the relationship between a cause and its effect

kasalidad, relasyon ng sanhi at epekto

kasalidad, relasyon ng sanhi at epekto

Ex: Researchers explored the causality between smoking and lung cancer. 

Tinalakay ng mga mananaliksik ang causality sa pagitan ng paninigarilyo at kanser sa baga.

materialism
materialism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materyalismo, pilosopiyang materyalista

materyalismo, pilosopiyang materyalista

skepticism
skepticism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

esceptisismo

esceptisismo

cynicism
cynicism
[Pangngalan]

a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions

sinismo, paghihinala

sinismo, paghihinala

Ex: The film highlighted the cynicism of modern society, where people often doubt the goodness in others. 

Itinampok ng pelikula ang sinsismo ng modernong lipunan, kung saan madalas nagdududa ang mga tao sa kabutihan ng iba.

ethics
ethics
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etika

etika

virtue
virtue
[Pangngalan]

moral goodness or excellence in a person's character or conduct

kabutihan, birtud

kabutihan, birtud

Ex: The philosopher believed that virtue was essential to a good life. 
dialectic
dialectic
[Pangngalan]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

diyalektika, pamamaraang diyalektikal

diyalektika, pamamaraang diyalektikal

Ex: Dialectic helps clarify ideas through logical discussion. 

Ang dialektika ay tumutulong sa paglilinaw ng mga ideya sa pamamagitan ng lohikal na talakayan.

idealism
idealism
[Pangngalan]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealismo, paniniwala sa pangunguna ng mga ideya

idealismo, paniniwala sa pangunguna ng mga ideya

rationalism
rationalism
[Pangngalan]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rasyonalismo, ang rasyonalismo

rasyonalismo, ang rasyonalismo

humanism
humanism
[Pangngalan]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanismo, ang humanismo

humanismo, ang humanismo

logic
logic
[Pangngalan]

the study of the principles and methods used to distinguish valid reasoning from invalid reasoning

lohika

lohika

Ex: Emma studied logic as part of her philosophy degree. 
dualism
dualism
[Pangngalan]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

duwalismo, ang doktrina ng duwalismo

duwalismo, ang doktrina ng duwalismo

Ex: Cartesian dualism, proposed by René Descartes, posits a separation between the mind and the body as two distinct substances. 

Ang Cartesian dualism, na iminungkahi ni René Descartes, ay naglalagay ng paghihiwalay sa pagitan ng isip at katawan bilang dalawang magkaibang sangkap.

aesthetics
aesthetics
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetika

estetika

mechanism
mechanism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical perspective that views natural phenomena, including living organisms and their behavior, as analogous to machines operating based on deterministic physical and chemical processes, without the need for supernatural or non-physical explanations

mekanismo, mekanika

mekanismo, mekanika

Ex: Mechanism is contrasted with vitalism, which posits the existence of a vital force or essence beyond physical and chemical processes. 
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