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Listahan ng mga Salita sa Antas B2 - Politics

Dito matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa politika, tulad ng "pederal", "rebolusyonaryo", "kongreso", atbp., inihanda para sa mga mag-aaral ng antas B2.

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CEFR B2 Vocabulary
domestic
[pang-uri]

relating to activities, issues, or affairs within a particular country

panloob, pambansa

panloob, pambansa

Ex: Domestic trade refers to the buying and selling of goods and services within a nation .Ang **panloob** na kalakalan ay tumutukoy sa pagbili at pagbebenta ng mga kalakal at serbisyo sa loob ng isang bansa.
federal
[pang-uri]

relating to the central government of a country rather than the local or regional governments

pederal, nasyonal

pederal, nasyonal

Ex: The federal budget allocates funds for national priorities , including infrastructure and social services .Ang badyet **pederal** ay naglalaan ng pondo para sa mga pambansang priyoridad, kasama ang imprastraktura at mga serbisyong panlipunan.
independent
[pang-uri]

(of a country, state, etc.) function without being controlled or influenced by others

malaya

malaya

Ex: Achieving independent governance allowed the country to set its own economic policies .Ang pagkamit ng **malaya** na pamamahala ay nagbigay-daan sa bansa na magtakda ng sarili nitong mga patakaran sa ekonomiya.
official
[pang-uri]

holding a position of authority or responsibility within an organization or government

opisyal, awtoridad

opisyal, awtoridad

Ex: In his role as the official judge , he impartially evaluated the contestants ' performances in the competition .Sa kanyang papel bilang **opisyal** na hukom, walang kinikilingan niyang sinuri ang mga pagganap ng mga kalahok sa paligsahan.
presidential
[pang-uri]

associated with the role or actions of a president, such as decisions, behaviors, or policies

pangulo, kaugnay ng pagkapangulo

pangulo, kaugnay ng pagkapangulo

Ex: The presidential inauguration marks the beginning of a new term in office .Ang **pangulo** na inagurasyon ay nagmamarka ng simula ng isang bagong termino sa opisina.
revolution
[Pangngalan]

the fundamental change of power, government, etc. in a country by people, particularly involving violence

rebolusyon

rebolusyon

Ex: The revolution resulted in significant political and social reforms across the nation .
revolutionary
[pang-uri]

involved in or characteristic of a revolution

rebolusyonaryo

rebolusyonaryo

Ex: The underground newspaper published revolutionary ideas that fueled dissent against the authoritarian regime .Ang pahayagang ilalim ng lupa ay naglathala ng mga ideyang **rebolusyonaryo** na nagpasiklab ng pagtutol sa awtoritaryong rehimen.
congress
[Pangngalan]

a formal meeting of representatives from various regions within a country to discuss and make decisions on national issues

kongreso,  asemblea

kongreso, asemblea

Ex: The president addressed congress during the annual State of the Nation speech .Ang pangulo ay nagtalumpati sa **kongreso** sa panahon ng taunang State of the Nation speech.
conservative
[Pangngalan]

a person who aligns with or supports the principles and policies traditionally associated with conservative political ideologies

konserbatibo, tradisyonalista

konserbatibo, tradisyonalista

Ex: Many conservative MPs voiced their concerns over the proposed tax reforms.Maraming **konserbatibong** MPs ang nagpahayag ng kanilang mga alalahanin sa mga iminungkahing reporma sa buwis.
Conservative Party
[Pangngalan]

a major political party in the UK favoring traditional values, economic liberalism, and gradual change rather than radical reform

Partidong Konserbatibo

Partidong Konserbatibo

Ex: Boris Johnson is the current leader of the Conservative Party in the UK .Si Boris Johnson ang kasalukuyang pinuno ng **Conservative Party** sa UK.
Republican Party
[Pangngalan]

the youngest political party in the US which has conservative beliefs and is against the high power of central government

Partidong Republikano, Partidong Republikano ng Estados Unidos

Partidong Republikano, Partidong Republikano ng Estados Unidos

Ex: In Congress , the Republican Party often works to block legislation that increases government spending .Sa Kongreso, ang **Republican Party** ay madalas na nagtatrabaho upang hadlangan ang batas na nagpapataas ng gastos ng gobyerno.
democrat
[Pangngalan]

someone who supports social equality, healthcare reform, environmental protection, and a more active role for government in addressing social issues

demokrata, tagapagtaguyod ng demokrasyang panlipunan

demokrata, tagapagtaguyod ng demokrasyang panlipunan

Ex: In recent elections, Democrats have focused on issues like affordable education and criminal justice reform.Sa mga nakaraang halalan, ang mga **Demokratiko** ay tumutok sa mga isyu tulad ng abot-kayang edukasyon at reporma sa hustisyang kriminal.
Democratic Party
[Pangngalan]

the oldest political party in the US which believes in social equality by helping the poor in different ways, etc.

Partido Demokratiko, Partidong Demokratiko

Partido Demokratiko, Partidong Demokratiko

Ex: Democratic Party leaders have proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage and support working families with childcare subsidies .Ang mga lider ng **Democratic Party** ay nagpanukala ng batas upang taasan ang pederal na minimum na sahod at suportahan ang mga nagtatrabahong pamilya sa mga subsidy sa childcare.
labor party
[Pangngalan]

a British political party which favors the welfare of workers and the poor

Partido ng Paggawa, Partido Laborista

Partido ng Paggawa, Partido Laborista

Ex: The Labor Party won a significant number of seats in parliament, shifting the political landscape.Ang **Partido ng Paggawa** ay nanalo ng malaking bilang ng mga upuan sa parlyamento, na nagbago sa larangan ng pulitika.
to back
[Pandiwa]

to support someone or something

suportahan, tanggihan

suportahan, tanggihan

Ex: While they were facing difficulties , we were backing them with emotional support .Habang sila ay nahaharap sa mga paghihirap, kami ay **sumusuporta** sa kanila ng emosyonal na suporta.
to debate
[Pandiwa]

to formally discuss a matter, usually in a structured setting

makipagdebate, talakayin

makipagdebate, talakayin

Ex: Politicians debated the proposed healthcare reform bill on the floor of the parliament .**Tinalakay** ng mga pulitiko ang panukalang batas sa reporma sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan sa sahig ng parlyamento.
to govern
[Pandiwa]

to officially have the control and authority to rule over a country and manage its affairs

pamahalaan, pamunuan

pamahalaan, pamunuan

Ex: The tribal council collectively governs the community, addressing various issues.Ang tribal council ay sama-samang **namamahala** sa komunidad, tinutugunan ang iba't ibang isyu.
government
[Pangngalan]

a special way or system of controlling a country, state, etc.

pamahalaan

pamahalaan

Ex: The transition from a colonial government to an independent democratic republic marked a significant chapter in the nation 's history .Ang paglipat mula sa isang kolonyal na **pamahalaan** patungo sa isang malayang demokratikong republika ay nagmarka ng isang makabuluhang kabanata sa kasaysayan ng bansa.
democracy
[Pangngalan]

a belief or ideology that supports governance by the people, emphasizing equal participation in the political process

demokrasya, pamahalaan ng mga tao

demokrasya, pamahalaan ng mga tao

Ex: The Enlightenment period greatly influenced modern democratic thought, advocating for individual rights and political freedom.Ang panahon ng Enlightenment ay lubos na naimpluwensyahan ang modernong **demokratiko** na pag-iisip, na nagtataguyod para sa mga karapatan ng indibidwal at kalayaang pampulitika.
dictatorship
[Pangngalan]

a form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual or a small group, often with absolute authority, without the consent of the people

diktadura, pamumunong diktatoryal

diktadura, pamumunong diktatoryal

Ex: Many countries fought against dictatorship in the 20th century .Maraming bansa ang lumaban sa **diktadura** noong ika-20 siglo.
kingdom
[Pangngalan]

a nation or state that its ruler is a king or queen

kaharian, monarkiya

kaharian, monarkiya

Ex: The kingdom expanded its borders through strategic alliances and conquests .Ang **kaharian** ay pinalawak ang mga hangganan nito sa pamamagitan ng estratehikong alyansa at pananakop.
monarchy
[Pangngalan]

a system of government or a country or state that is ruled by a king or queen

monarkiya, kaharian

monarkiya, kaharian

Ex: In a constitutional monarchy, the king or queen 's powers are limited by law .Sa isang konstitusyonal na **monarkiya**, ang mga kapangyarihan ng hari o reyna ay limitado ng batas.
independence
[Pangngalan]

the state of being free from the control of others

kalayaan, awtonomiya

kalayaan, awtonomiya

Ex: Many people strive for independence in their careers , seeking self-sufficiency .Maraming tao ang nagsisikap para sa **kalayaan** sa kanilang mga karera, naghahanap ng sariling kakayahan.
human right
[Pangngalan]

one of a series of rights that every human being must have

karapatang pantao

karapatang pantao

Ex: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted by the United Nations in 1948 , outlines basic human rights such as the right to life , liberty , and security of person .Ang Universal Declaration of **Human Rights**, na pinagtibay ng United Nations noong 1948, ay naglalahad ng mga pangunahing karapatang pantao tulad ng karapatan sa buhay, kalayaan, at seguridad ng tao.
nation
[Pangngalan]

a country considered as a group of people that share the same history, language, etc., and are ruled by the same government

bansa, nasyon

bansa, nasyon

Ex: The nation's capital is home to its government and political leaders .Ang kabisera ng **bansa** ay tahanan ng kanyang pamahalaan at mga lider pampulitika.
to plot
[Pandiwa]

to secretly make a plan to harm someone or do something illegal

magbalak, magpakana

magbalak, magpakana

Ex: The spies were caught plotting to steal classified information and sell it to a rival nation .Nahuli ang mga espiya habang **nagbabalak** na nakawin ang klasipikadong impormasyon at ibenta ito sa isang karibal na bansa.
state
[Pangngalan]

a country under the control of one government

estado, bansa

estado, bansa

Ex: The United Kingdom is a state comprising four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland , each with its own distinct identity and governance structure .Ang **United Kingdom** ay isang **estado** na binubuo ng apat na bumubuo ng mga bansa: England, Scotland, Wales, at Northern Ireland, bawat isa ay may kani-kanilang natatanging pagkakakilanlan at istruktura ng pamamahala.
majority
[Pangngalan]

the greater number of votes by which a candidate or party wins an election

mayorya

mayorya

Ex: To form a government , the party needed to gain a majority in the national assembly .Upang makabuo ng isang pamahalaan, kailangan ng partido na makakuha ng **mayorya** sa pambansang asamblea.
minister
[Pangngalan]

the person who is the head of a specific department within the government, responsible for managing policies, operations, and administration related to that department

ministro

ministro

Ex: The Minister of Education oversees policies related to schools, universities, and educational standards across the nation.Ang **Ministro** ng Edukasyon ay nangangasiwa sa mga patakaran na may kaugnayan sa mga paaralan, unibersidad, at mga pamantayan sa edukasyon sa buong bansa.
secretary
[Pangngalan]

the person who is the head of a US government department

kalihim, sekretarya

kalihim, sekretarya

Ex: The president appointed a new Secretary of Energy to address the country's energy needs.Ang pangulo ay nagtalaga ng isang bagong **Kalihim** ng Enerhiya upang tugunan ang mga pangangailangan sa enerhiya ng bansa.
spokesperson
[Pangngalan]

a person who speaks formally for an organization, government, etc.

tagapagsalita, kinatawan

tagapagsalita, kinatawan

Ex: The spokesperson denied any involvement of the company in the allegations .Tinanggihan ng **tagapagsalita** ang anumang pagkakasangkot ng kumpanya sa mga paratang.
negotiation
[Pangngalan]

formal discussion intended to reach an agreement

negosasyon, pagtatalakayan

negosasyon, pagtatalakayan

Ex: The team entered negotiation with a strong position and clear objectives .Ang koponan ay pumasok sa **negosasyon** na may malakas na posisyon at malinaw na mga layunin.
opposition
[Pangngalan]

the main political party opposed to the government

oposisyon

oposisyon

Ex: The opposition accused the government of suppressing free speech and dissent .Inakusahan ng **oposisyon** ang gobyerno ng pagsupil sa malayang pananalita at pagtutol.
policy
[Pangngalan]

a set of ideas or a plan of action that has been chosen officially by a group of people, an organization, a political party, etc.

patakaran

patakaran

Ex: The school district adopted a zero-tolerance policy for bullying.Ang distrito ng paaralan ay nagpatibay ng isang **patakaran** ng zero-tolerance para sa pambu-bully.
presidency
[Pangngalan]

the period of time during which a president is in power

pagkapangulo, panunungkulan bilang pangulo

pagkapangulo, panunungkulan bilang pangulo

Ex: The presidency of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War was a defining period in American history .Ang **pagkapangulo** ni Abraham Lincoln noong Digmaang Sibil ay isang tiyak na panahon sa kasaysayan ng Amerika.
to run for
[Pandiwa]

to participate in an election as a candidate

tumakbo para sa, kumandidato sa

tumakbo para sa, kumandidato sa

Ex: She announced her intention to run for a seat in the parliament .Inanunsyo niya ang kanyang hangarin na **tumakbo** para sa isang puwesto sa parlyamento.
seat
[Pangngalan]

the position of a member in a committee, parliament, etc.

upuan, puwesto

upuan, puwesto

Ex: Each seat in the council represents a different district of the city .Ang bawat **upuan** sa konseho ay kumakatawan sa iba't ibang distrito ng lungsod.
voting
[Pangngalan]

the process or action of choosing someone during an election

pagboto

pagboto

Ex: The voting results were delayed due to technical issues with the counting system .Naantala ang mga resulta ng **botohan** dahil sa mga teknikal na isyu sa sistema ng pagbibilang.
territory
[Pangngalan]

a geographic area belonging to or ruled by a government or authority

teritoryo, rehiyon

teritoryo, rehiyon

Ex: Citizens of the territory voted in a referendum to decide on their future political status .Ang mga mamamayan ng **teritoryo** ay bumoto sa isang reperendum upang magpasya sa kanilang hinaharap na katayuang pampulitika.
to negotiate
[Pandiwa]

to discuss the terms of an agreement or try to reach one

makipag-ayos, makipagkasundo

makipag-ayos, makipagkasundo

Ex: The homebuyers and sellers negotiated the price and terms of the real estate transaction .Ang mga homebuyers at sellers ay **nagnegosyo** sa presyo at mga tadhana ng real estate transaction.
conspiracy
[Pangngalan]

a plan which is a secret and made by a group of people to do something illegal or to kill someone

pagsasabwatan, konspirasyon

pagsasabwatan, konspirasyon

Ex: They were charged with conspiracy to defraud investors out of millions of dollars .Sila'y inakusahan ng **pagsasabwatan** upang linlangin ang mga investor ng milyun-milyong dolyar.
crackdown
[Pangngalan]

a severe and often sudden enforcement of law or regulations, typically to suppress or control specific activities, behaviors, or groups perceived as problematic or threatening

pagsugpo, mahigpit na hakbang

pagsugpo, mahigpit na hakbang

Ex: The crackdown on organized crime gangs resulted in a series of raids and arrests across the city .Ang **paglilitson** sa mga gang ng organisadong krimen ay nagresulta sa isang serye ng mga raid at pag-aresto sa buong lungsod.
repression
[Pangngalan]

the action of controlling people by means of force or violence

paghahari, pang-aapi

paghahari, pang-aapi

Ex: The history of the nation is marked by periods of severe repression under authoritarian rule .Ang kasaysayan ng bansa ay markado ng mga panahon ng malubhang **paghihirap** sa ilalim ng awtoritaryanong pamumuno.
prime minister
[Pangngalan]

the head of government in parliamentary democracies, who is responsible for leading the government and making important decisions on policies and law-making

punong ministro, ulo ng pamahalaan

punong ministro, ulo ng pamahalaan

Ex: The Prime Minister's term in office ended after a successful vote of no confidence in Parliament.Natapos ang termino ng **Punong Ministro** sa opisina matapos ang isang matagumpay na boto ng kawalan ng tiwala sa Parlamento.

a US federal agency responsible for protecting the country from various threats, including terrorism, border security, immigration, and cybersecurity

Ex: Department of Homeland Security collaborates with other federal , state , and local agencies to enhance national resilience against terrorism and other threats .
to lead astray
[Parirala]

to cause someone to make a poor decision by providing them with incorrect guidance or misleading information

Ex: The teacher's poor instruction led the students astray.
senate
[Pangngalan]

a legislative or governing body, usually the smaller and more influential chamber in a bicameral system, with the authority to create, revise, or approve laws and policies

senado, mataas na kapulungan

senado, mataas na kapulungan

Ex: Bills must pass through the Senate before becoming law.Dapat dumaan ang mga panukalang batas sa **Senado** bago maging batas.
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