Body - The Musculoskeletal System

Here you will learn some English words related to the musculoskeletal system, such as "ligament", "hamstring", and "coccyx".

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Body
bone [noun]

any of the hard pieces making up the skeleton in humans and some animals

Ex: The doctor confirmed that the broken bone would heal with time .
joint [noun]

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

Ex:

an elastic tissue that supports or connects joints in an infant and turns into skeleton during growth

Ex: Cartilage cushions joints and prevents bones from rubbing against each other .

a transformed cartilaginous structure that has undergone ossification

ligament [noun]

(anatomy) a strong band of tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or keeps organs in place

bursa [noun]

a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues such as bones, tendons, and muscles

the central part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage

a single muscle that is located along the central axis of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk

a tendon in the leg that attaches the muscles of the calf to the bone of the heel

Ex: Athletes , particularly runners and basketball players , are at higher risk of Achilles tendon injuries due to the repetitive stress placed on this tendon .
tendon [noun]

(anatomy) an elastic cord or band that connects a muscle to a bone

Ex: Tendons transmit the force generated by muscles to bones , enabling movement .
skull [noun]

the bony structure that surrounds and provides protection for a person's or animal's brain

Ex: The human skull has several openings , including the eye sockets and nasal cavity .
muscle [noun]

a piece of body tissue that is made tight or relaxed when we want to move a particular part of our body

Ex: She felt sore in her leg muscles after a long hike .

(anatomy) one of the five tendons at the back of someone's knee

abductor [noun]

(anatomy) a muscle that moves a part of the body away from its normal position by contraction

backbone [noun]

a line of connected bones going down from your neck to tail bone in the middle of the back

Ex: The doctor explained that the backbone consists of individual vertebrae .
biceps [noun]

the large muscle at the front of the upper part of the arm, which flexes the forearm

Ex: Tendons connect the biceps muscle to the bones of the forearm .

a long flat bone at the center of the chest that connects the ribs and the shoulder girdle

the bone that is just below the eye

Ex: In some cultures , prominent cheekbones are considered a symbol of beauty and elegance .

(anatomy) the structure that encloses the inner surface of the eye which consists of the muscle which makes the eye move

clavicle [noun]

the long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum

Ex: Athletes often injure the clavicle during contact sports .

either of the pair of bones that go across the top of the chest from the base of the neck to the shoulders

Ex: She wore a strapless dress that elegantly showcased her collarbone and shoulders .
cranium [noun]

(anatomy) the bone structure that surrounds and protects the brain

Ex: A CT scan revealed a small abnormality in the base of her cranium .
deltoid [noun]

(anatomy) a large muscle, triangular in shape that covers the shoulder joint and helps the arm to abduct and rotate

extensor [noun]

a muscle that helps a body part or limb be stretched out by contraction

Ex:
femur [noun]

(anatomy) the longest bone in the top part of the human leg between the hip and the knee

Ex: The head of the femur fits into the hip socket , forming the hip joint , which allows for a wide range of leg movements .
humerus [noun]

(anatomy) a long bone in the arm that extends from the shoulder to the elbow

fibula [noun]

(anatomy) the outer and narrower of the two bones between the ankle and the knee

flexor [noun]

(anatomy) a muscle that allows one to bend a limb or body part by contraction

jawbone [noun]

either of the bones that form the jaw, particularly the lower jaw

Ex: She placed her hand on her swollen jawbone , feeling the tenderness caused by the infected tooth .
kneecap [noun]

a small bone that covers the front of the knee joint

mandible [noun]

(anatomy) (zoology) either half of the jawbone, especially the lower jawbone that helps a vertebrate open and close its mouth

(anatomy) any of the five bones of the foot between the ankle and the toes

(biology) the overall arrangement or the system of muscles in a human or an animal's body

(anatomy) the trapezoidal bone that is at the base and lower back of the cranium, though which the spinal cord passes

the singular bone located at the front of the skull, forming the forehead and upper eye sockets for structural support and protection

a cranial bone that forms the sides and roof of the skull, offering protection for the brain

a butterfly-shaped bone, contributing to its structure and housing important structures

a cranial bone located on the sides and base of the skull, housing the ear structures and contributing to jaw movement

zygoma [noun]

a facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheek and connects various other facial bones

a facial bone that contributes to the structure of the cheek and forms part of the eye socket

maxilla [noun]

a facial bone that forms the central part of the face, supporting the upper teeth

patella [noun]

(anatomy) a small bone triangular in shape that covers and protects the front part of the knee joint

pelvis [noun]

(anatomy) the large round bone structure that the limbs and the spine are joined to, which also protects the abdominal organs

Ex:

(anatomy) any of the four large muscles at the front of the thigh that allow the knee joint to stretch

quad [noun]

a muscle at the front of the thigh that helps the knee joint stretch

radius [noun]

the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm

Ex: The radius runs parallel to the ulna .
rib [noun]

each of the curved bones surrounding the chest to protect the organs inside

Ex: The ribs expand and contract with each breath , helping to facilitate respiration .
ribcage [noun]

(anatomy) the bony structure in the chest formed by the ribs which protects organs in the thoracic cavity

sacrum [noun]

(anatomy) a large bone at the lower part of the spinal column between the two hip bones of the pelvis

the inner and larger bone of the pair of bones between the ankle and the knee

scapula [noun]

(anatomy) each of the pair of triangular bones that connect the humerus to the clavicle

Ex: An injury to the scapula , such as a fracture or dislocation , can result in significant pain and limited mobility of the shoulder .

each of the pair of triangular bones that connect the upper arm bone with the collar bone

sinew [noun]

an elastic cord or band that connects a muscle to a bone

Ex: The injury to the athlete ’s leg was actually a torn sinew , which required surgery to repair .
skeleton [noun]

the structure of bones supporting the body of an animal or a person

Ex: The skeleton of a whale is much larger than that of a human .
spine [noun]

the row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body

Ex: The x-ray revealed a curvature in the spine , indicating a case of scoliosis .

(anatomy) a ring of muscle that can open or close an opening, such as anus, in the body

sternum [noun]

(anatomy) a long flat bone at the center of the chest that connects the ribs to the shoulder girdle

the small triangular bone at the end of the spinal column in humans or tailless primates

tarsal [noun]

(anatomy) any of the cluster of seven small bones in the foot between the ankle and upper foot

the longest bone in the human skeleton which is between the hip and the knee

tibia [noun]

(anatomy) the inner and larger of the two bones between the ankle and the knee

triceps [noun]

(anatomy) the three-headed muscle of the arm that functions as the extensor of the elbow joint

ulna [noun]

(anatomy) the thinner and longer bone of the human forearm extending from the elbow to the wrist

vertebra [noun]

(anatomy) any of the bony segments and cartilages of the spinal column

Ex:
ossicle [noun]

a small bone found in the middle ear that helps transmit sound vibrations and facilitate hearing

fenestra [noun]

an opening or a hole, particularly in a bone structure

jaw [noun]

the lower bone of the face containing the chin and the bottom teeth

Ex: The boxer suffered a broken jaw after the intense match .