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Humanitní Vědy ACT - Společenské vědy

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova související se společenskými vědami, jako je „kasta“, „militantní“, „aktivismus“ atd., která vám pomohou zvládnout vaše ACT.

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ACT Vocabulary for Humanities
segregation
[Podstatné jméno]

the policy of separating a group of people from the rest based on racial, sexual, or religious grounds and discriminating against them

segregace, oddělení

segregace, oddělení

Ex: The festival showcases music, food, and art from various ethnicities around the world.
theory of mind
[Podstatné jméno]

the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

teorie mysli, teorie myšlení

teorie mysli, teorie myšlení

Ex: Effective communication often relies on a well-developed theory of mind to anticipate and respond to others' thoughts and feelings.
bureaucracy
[Podstatné jméno]

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

byrokracie, úřednictvo

byrokracie, úřednictvo

Ex: The bureaucracy requires multiple approvals for any major administrative changes .
activism
[Podstatné jméno]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

aktivismus, činnost za sociální změnu

aktivismus, činnost za sociální změnu

Ex: She has been involved activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .
agency
[Podstatné jméno]

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

účinnost, schopnost vjednání

účinnost, schopnost vjednání

Ex: The CEO 's strong leadership provided agency needed to steer the company through challenging times .
clan
[Podstatné jméno]

a large group of people who are related to each other

klan, rod

klan, rod

Ex: The wedding was a grand event , attended by members of clan from all over the country .
chiefdom
[Podstatné jméno]

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

kmenová šéfství, náčelnictví

kmenová šéfství, náčelnictví

Ex: The chiefdom system can be seen as a precursor to more centralized and bureaucratic forms of government.
collective
[Podstatné jméno]

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

kolektiv, sdružení

kolektiv, sdružení

Ex: The labor union acted as collective to negotiate fair wages and working conditions on behalf of its members .
to census
[sloveso]

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

sčítat, provádět sčítání

sčítat, provádět sčítání

Ex: By the time they censusing the region , they had gathered comprehensive data on its population dynamics .
demographic
[Podstatné jméno]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

demografie, demografická skupina

demografie, demografická skupina

Ex: Companies often tailor their products to appeal to a demographic.
status quo
[Podstatné jméno]

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

status quo, současný stav

status quo, současný stav

Ex: The company ’s policy aims to preserve status quo in terms of employee benefits .
industrialization
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

průmyslová výstavba, industrializace

průmyslová výstavba, industrializace

Ex: Urbanization often industrialization, as people move to cities in search of employment in factories .
militant
[Přídavné jméno]

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

militantní, bojecký

militantní, bojecký

Ex: militant rhetoric inflamed tensions among the community , leading to confrontations with opposing groups .
nonconformity
[Podstatné jméno]

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

nepřizpůsobivost, nelibost k normám

nepřizpůsobivost, nelibost k normám

Ex: Philosophers often explore themes nonconformity in their critique of societal norms and values .
progressive
[Přídavné jméno]

supporting and encouraging positive change and advancement

progresivní, pokrokový

progresivní, pokrokový

Ex: He 's progressive artist , pushing boundaries and challenging traditional norms through his work .
socialization
[Podstatné jméno]

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

socializace, socialní integrace

socializace, socialní integrace

Ex: socialization through social media platforms influences how people communicate and form relationships in the digital age .
civilization
[Podstatné jméno]

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

civilizace, společnost

civilizace, společnost

Ex: The rise civilization in Mesopotamia marked the beginning of recorded history .
ethnicity
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

etnicita, národnost

etnicita, národnost

Ex: The festival showcases music , food , and art from ethnicities around the world .
civil right
[Podstatné jméno]

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

občanská práva, civilní práva

občanská práva, civilní práva

Ex: The right to vote is an civil right in many democracies .
socioeconomic
[Přídavné jméno]

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

sociálně ekonomický, socioekonomický

sociálně ekonomický, socioekonomický

Ex: The nonprofit organization focuses on socioeconomic conditions in underserved communities .
urbanization
[Podstatné jméno]

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

urbanizace, městnění

urbanizace, městnění

Ex: The book discusses the history urbanization.
suburban
[Přídavné jméno]

characteristic of or relating to a residential area outside a city or town

předměstský, suburbární

předměstský, suburbární

Ex: Suburban schools are known for their high-quality education programs and extracurricular activities .

to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

marginalizovat, znevýhodnit

marginalizovat, znevýhodnit

Ex: marginalizing diverse perspectives , we limit our ability to address complex social issues effectively .
minority
[Podstatné jméno]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

menšina, minorita

menšina, minorita

Ex: He is researching the history minority communities in the area .
aristocracy
[Podstatné jméno]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristokracie, šlechta

aristokracie, šlechta

Ex: aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .
royalty
[Podstatné jméno]

kings and queens and any member of their families

královská rodina, království

královská rodina, království

Ex: The film depicted the life royalty, highlighting their lavish lifestyle and ceremonial duties .
metropolis
[Podstatné jméno]

a large, important city that serves as a significant economic, political, or cultural center for a region or country

metropole, velkoměsto

metropole, velkoměsto

infrastructure
[Podstatné jméno]

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

infrastruktura, základní struktura

infrastruktura, základní struktura

Ex: The earthquake damaged infrastructure, leaving thousands without electricity or clean water .
utopian
[Přídavné jméno]

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

utopický, ideální

utopický, ideální

Ex: Socialists proposed the creation of utopian communities where people lived and worked cooperatively .
legitimacy
[Podstatné jméno]

the quality of being acceptable by the law

legitimita, právní uznání

legitimita, právní uznání

civil disobedience
[Podstatné jméno]

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

civilní neposlušnost, občanská neposlušnost

civilní neposlušnost, občanská neposlušnost

Ex: Participants in the protest engaged in acts civil disobedience by blocking access to government buildings .

to unfairly treat a person or group of people based on their sex, race, etc.

diskriminovat, rozlišovat

diskriminovat, rozlišovat

Ex: The school was criticized discriminating against students of certain religious backgrounds .

to help someone to restore to a healthy and independent state after a period of imprisonment, addiction, illness, etc.

rehabilitovat, navrátit do formy

rehabilitovat, navrátit do formy

Ex: The program rehabilitated many individuals who had struggled with substance abuse .
outcast
[Podstatné jméno]

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

vyvrhel, vyloučenec

vyvrhel, vyloučenec

Ex: outcast found solace in the company of other marginalized individuals .
refugee
[Podstatné jméno]

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

uprchlík, nucený emigrant

uprchlík, nucený emigrant

Ex: refugee crisis prompted discussions on humanitarian aid and global responsibility .
indigenous
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

domorodý, původní

domorodý, původní

Ex: Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing, prompting efforts to preserve and revitalize them.
patriarchal
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to a social system where men hold primary power and authority over women and families

patriarchální, otcovský

patriarchální, otcovský

Ex: Patriarchal attitudes perpetuate gender stereotypes and inequalities in various aspects of life .
humble
[Přídavné jméno]

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

skromný, ponížený

skromný, ponížený

Ex: Growing up in humble household taught her the value of hard work and perseverance .
to assimilate
[sloveso]

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

asimilovat, integrovat se

asimilovat, integrovat se

Ex: The tourist tried assimilate into the local customs by learning basic greetings and dining etiquette .
commune
[Podstatné jméno]

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

obec, komuna

obec, komuna

Ex: Residents of commune voted in the local elections to choose their representatives on the council .
outskirts
[Podstatné jméno]

the outer areas or parts of a city or town

předměstí, okrajové části

předměstí, okrajové části

Ex: Commuting from outskirts to the city center can be challenging during rush hour , as traffic congestion often slows down travel times significantly .
parish
[Podstatné jméno]

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

farnost, farní oblast

farnost, farní oblast

Ex: parish celebrated its centennial anniversary with a special Mass and community picnic .
cosmopolitan
[Přídavné jméno]

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

kosmopolitní, multikulturní

kosmopolitní, multikulturní

Ex: The university’s cosmopolitan student body fostered an environment of global understanding.
humanitarian
[Přídavné jméno]

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

humanitární, pomocný

humanitární, pomocný

Ex: Humanitarian initiatives focus on promoting human rights , alleviating poverty , and providing sustainable solutions to global challenges .
classist
[Přídavné jméno]

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

klasistický, sociálně diskriminující

klasistický, sociálně diskriminující

Ex: Activists are working to raise awareness about classist discrimination and promote more inclusive policies.
caste
[Podstatné jméno]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasty, kastovní systém

kasty, kastovní systém

Ex: Efforts to address caste-based discrimination require legislative measures, educational reforms, and social awareness campaigns to promote equality and inclusivity.
echelon
[Podstatné jméno]

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

úroveň, stupen

úroveň, stupen

Ex: Many young professionals aspire to climb echelons of their respective fields to achieve greater recognition and success .
station
[Podstatné jméno]

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

postavení, stanoviště

postavení, stanoviště

Ex: In the novel , the protagonist struggles to transcend his station and achieve his dreams .
rat race
[Podstatné jméno]

a draining and stressful lifestyle that consists of constantly competing with others for success, wealth, power, etc. and so leaving no room for rest and pleasure

závod krys, životní závod

závod krys, životní závod

Ex: She has been stuck in rat race for years , working long hours and sacrificing her personal life for her career .
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