Cambridge IELTS 16 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1

a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey

to accept, embrace, or incorporate a particular idea, practice, or belief into one's own behavior or lifestyle

the process of building or creating something, such as structures, machines, or infrastructure

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

a geographic area belonging to or ruled by a government or authority

an area where a group of families or people live together, often in a newly established community

a period of one thousand years, usually calculated from the year of the birth of Jesus Christ

a secular designation used to represent dates in the Gregorian calendar before the traditional reference point of the birth of Jesus Christ

to be formed from particular parts or things

a sturdy pole made of metal or timber that is dug into the ground to be used as a marker or support something

a long vertical passage sunk into the earth, as for a mine or tunnel

the distance between things

to dig a hole or make a channel in the ground

the black or brownish substance consisted of organic remains, rock particles, and clay that forms the upper layer of earth where trees or other plants grow

the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air

a long and artificial passage built and filled with water for ships to travel along or used to transfer water to other places

in a way that is unusually impressive, effective, or surprising

to transfer knowledge, traditions, or skills to another person or group, often to ensure they are preserved or continued

to provide with the tools, resources, or items necessary for a specific purpose or activity

an appendage to hold onto

a place providing support for the foot in standing or climbing

the removable cover at the top of a container

a cord from which a metal weight is suspended pointing directly to the earth's center of gravity; used to determine the vertical from a given point

a long and slender object, typically made of metal or wood, that is straight or nearly straight

the measure of how steep a line is, found by dividing the change in height by the change in horizontal distance

used with a date to refer to things happened or existed after the birth of Christ

to empty or remove liquid from a container or area

used to say that something such as a number or amount is not exact

(of a method, idea, or plan) likely to be successful or effective

any of the available possibilities that one can choose from

the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground so that they can be accurately plotted on a map

the branch of mathematics that deals with the relation between the lines, angles and surfaces or the properties of the space

the act of making something suitable or adapting to specific circumstances by making necessary changes or modifications

related to the study or processes of the Earth's structure, composition, and history

to diverge or stray from the usual or planned path

determined or decided upon as by an authority

in a way that continues without any pause

to move through something, typically overcoming resistance

an opening that resembles a mouth (as of a cave or a gorge)

separation from accepted norms, standards, or expected patterns of conduct

words, letters, or symbols that are engraved, carved, or written on a surface, often for commemorative, informational, or decorative purposes

a channel or pipeline used to transport water over a long distance, usually from a remote source to a town or city

situated at or directed toward the side or sides

a relationship or connection between two or more things or people

related to the beginning of a series or process

a physical object that blocks movement or progress

crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques

to discover the exact position or place of something or someone

a layer of ore between layers of rock

to go after someone or something, particularly to catch them

an indication or evidence of the former presence or existence of something

to extract resources from the earth by digging

existing without any others of the same type

easy to comprehend or perform without any difficulties

cool (hot metal) by plunging into cold water or other liquid

to break on the surface without falling into separate pieces

the relative speed of progress or change

used to highlight the differences between two or more things or people

an individual who financially supports an artist, charity, cause, etc.

to cause someone or something to change direction

to indicate a potential danger or risk to someone or something

a sheltered area of water along the coast where ships, boats, and other vessels can anchor safely, typically protected from rough seas by natural or artificial barriers

to show, point out, or suggest the existence, presence, or nature of something

underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water

representing a plane made by cutting across something at right angles to its length

to physically connect or fasten something to another thing

possessing enough skill or knowledge in a certain field or job

to shape or create by cutting or sculpting, often using tools or a sharp instrument

a narrow area of land that connects two larger places or follows along something like a road or river