Cambridge IELTS 16 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 (2)

someone or something on which a study or experiment is performed

the attraction and allure that makes one interesting

a book with a cover that is made of thick paper

surpassing others in terms of overall goodness or excellence

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

to arrange items or events in a particular order

to rebuild or reimagine something from the past, often using research or gathered information

organized according to the order that the events occurred in

to direct or participate in the management, organization, or execution of something

a standard or expectation that guides behavior within a group or society

to notice or see someone or something that is hard to do so

to take a small portion or specimen of something for examination, testing, or as a representation of a larger whole

to mentally understand information or concepts

to become aware or conscious of something

happening without being planned or deliberately caused

unintended negative consequence or harm resulting from an action

easy to comprehend or perform without any difficulties

a decline in effectiveness or function due to underuse or neglect

to move through a challenging area with careful consideration of obstacles

happening continuously without stopping for a long time

an overwhelming stream of spoken or written messages delivered in rapid succession

to motivate or encourage someone by offering benefits or rewards

to move back or withdraw to a safer or more comfortable place, especially to avoid something unpleasant

a supply of something available for future use

easily affected by external factors

to change without becoming totally different

to suggest that one thing is the logical consequence of the other

to be able to say who or what someone or something is

to do something in order to make up for a wrongdoing or to make things right

to establish deeply and firmly, often making something difficult to change or remove

much greater than usual

the ability or power to achieve something or develop into a certain state in the future

referring to traits that are present from birth and are influenced by genetic inheritance, such as medical conditions or physical features

to slightly alter or move something in order to improve it or make it work better

in regard to what someone has said or written

an overall way in which something is changing or developing

a piece of information discovered as a result of a research

to bring back something from the memory

concerned only with surface-level appearances or trivial matters, lacking depth or genuine understanding

the subject matter or information covered in a speech, literary work, or other forms of communication, distinct from its style or presentation

marked by separation of or from usually contiguous elements

formed or created by joining two or more elements or parts together

extremely careful and attentive to detail

existing or spreading among many people, groups, or communities through communication, influence, or awareness

a period of history marked by particular features or events

to make something right when it was previously incorrect, improper, or defective