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SAT Humanities - Law and Obligations

Here you will learn some English words related to law and obligations, such as "affidavit", "felony", "judicial", etc. that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Humanities

the formal process or legal action taken within a court to resolve a dispute, administer justice, etc.

Ex: The administrative proceeding addressed complaints regarding environmental violations by the company .
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provision
[noun]

an agreed-upon condition or requirement outlined in an agreement, law, or document

Ex: The will had a provision specifying how the estate should be divided among the heirs .
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affidavit
[noun]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

Ex: Falsifying information in an affidavit can result in serious legal consequences , including perjury charges .
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testimony
[noun]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony.
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a statement declaring someone's guiltiness with certainty

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ruling
[noun]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

Ex: The school board 's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students .
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felony
[noun]

a serious crime such as arson, murder, rape, etc.

Ex: His criminal record showed multiple felonies, making it difficult for him to find employment after his release from prison .
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parole
[noun]

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

Ex: Parole offers offenders the opportunity for rehabilitation and reintegration into society under supervision, with the goal of reducing recidivism.
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penalty
[noun]

a punishment given for breaking a rule, law, or legal agreement

Ex: He was given a penalty for breaking the terms of his contract .
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libel
[noun]

a written statement in a legal case, outlining the harmful statements made against someone and what they seek from the court

Ex: The plaintiff 's libel detailed how the defamatory statements had harmed their reputation in the community .
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a response in court, stating an opposing demand

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trustee
[noun]

a person or group of people who control the property or money that belongs to another person

Ex: The trustee made investments on behalf of the trust to grow its assets over time .
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offender
[noun]

a person who commits a crime

Ex: Community service can be a constructive way for offenders to make amends for their actions and contribute positively to society .
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verdict
[noun]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .
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acquittal
[noun]

an official judgment in court of law that declares someone not guilty of the crime they were charged with

Ex: Following the acquittal, the defendant was released from custody and allowed to resume their normal life .
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a prison or correctional facility where individuals convicted of serious crimes are confined and undergo rehabilitation

Ex: The penitentiary is located on the outskirts of the city , surrounded by high walls and guard towers .
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an institution designed to reform or rehabilitate young offenders rather than simply punish them

Ex: Graduates of the reformatory often speak about how the experience helped them turn their lives around .
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statutory
[Adjective]

according to or allowed by law

Ex: Tax deductions are subject to statutory limits set forth in the Internal Revenue Code .
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judicial
[Adjective]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities .
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indeterminate
[Adjective]

(of a judicial sentence) establishing a range of time within which the offender will serve their sentence, with the possibility of early release

Ex: An indeterminate sentence allows for the possibility of early release , contingent upon the offender 's behavior .
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to indict
[Verb]

to officially accuse a person of a crime

Ex: The investigators are currently indicting the suspect for money laundering .
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to banish
[Verb]

to force someone to leave a country, often as a form of punishment or to keep them away

Ex: The criminal was banished from the country as part of the punishment for their crimes .
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to exile
[Verb]

to force someone to live away from their native country, usually due to political reasons or as a punishment

Ex: The journalist was exiled for exposing government corruption .
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to outlaw
[Verb]

to officially state that something is illegal

Ex: To address concerns about privacy , the government moved to outlaw certain intrusive surveillance practices .
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to officially give permission for a specific action, process, etc.

Ex: Banks often require customers to authorize certain transactions through a signature or other verification methods .
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to enact
[Verb]

to approve a proposed law

Ex: The government is currently enacting emergency measures in response to the crisis .
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to announce officially that someone is guilty of a crime in a court of law

Ex: Over the years , the legal system has occasionally convicted high-profile figures for various offenses .
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to kill someone, especially as a legal penalty

Ex: International human rights organizations often condemn governments that execute individuals without fair trials or proper legal representation .
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to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case , ensuring every legal angle was covered .
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to officially resolve a disagreement between people

Ex: The parents asked their older child to arbitrate the argument between their younger siblings .
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a legally binding contract between parties, typically individuals or businesses, that outlines confidential information that the parties agree not to disclose to others

Ex: Before entering into negotiations , both parties agreed to sign a non-disclosure agreement.
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the assurance that sensitive information will not be divulged without proper consent

Ex: The therapist assured the client of complete confidentiality during counseling sessions to foster trust .
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an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

Ex: Attending the meeting was not just a suggestion but an obligation for all department heads .
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an action that is against a law. regulation, or agreement

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the act of breaking or not obeying a law, agreement, etc.

Ex: The company has a zero-tolerance policy for infractions of its code of conduct , enforcing strict penalties for violations .
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inviolable
[Adjective]

unable to be broken or dishonored, often due to its importance or protection by law or custom

Ex: In a democratic society , the principles of justice and fairness are deemed inviolable.
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to exempt
[Verb]

to officially excuse someone from a requirement or obligation

Ex: The government may exempt certain charitable organizations from paying income taxes .
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to commit
[Verb]

to state that one is bound to do something specific

Ex: Before launching the new initiative , the team committed to conducting thorough research and gathering stakeholder feedback .
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to give someone the responsibility of taking care of something important, such as a task, duty, or information

Ex: The executive is actively entrusting the implementation of the strategy to competent departments .
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to pledge
[Verb]

to make a binding agreement

Ex: She was pledged to honesty by her parents from a young age .
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to make false and adverse statements about someone for defamation

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SAT Humanities
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