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人文学科SAT - 法律与义务

在这里,你将学习一些与法律和义务相关的英语单词,如“affidavit”、“felony”、“judicial”等,这些单词是你通过SAT考试所需要的。

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SAT Vocabulary for Humanities
proceeding
[名词]

the formal process or legal action taken within a court to resolve a dispute, administer justice, etc.

程序,  诉讼

程序, 诉讼

Ex: The administrative proceeding addressed complaints regarding environmental violations by the company .行政**程序**处理了有关公司环境违规行为的投诉。
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provision
[名词]

an agreed-upon condition or requirement outlined in an agreement, law, or document

规定,  条款

规定, 条款

Ex: The will had a provision specifying how the estate should be divided among the heirs .遗嘱中有一项**规定**,明确了遗产应如何在继承人之间分配。
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affidavit
[名词]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

宣誓书, 书面证词

宣誓书, 书面证词

Ex: Falsifying information in an affidavit can result in serious legal consequences , including perjury charges .在**宣誓书**中伪造信息可能导致严重的法律后果,包括伪证指控。
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testimony
[名词]

a formal statement saying something is true, particularly made by a witness in court

证词, 证言

证词, 证言

Ex: The defense attorney cross-examined the witness to challenge the credibility of their testimony.辩护律师盘问了证人,以质疑其**证词**的可信度。
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accusation
[名词]

a statement declaring someone's guiltiness with certainty

指控

指控

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ruling
[名词]

a decision made by someone with official power, particularly a judge

裁决, 判决

裁决, 判决

Ex: The school board 's ruling to implement a new dress code policy sparked controversy among parents and students .学校董事会实施新着装规定的**裁决**在家长和学生中引发了争议。
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felony
[名词]

a serious crime such as arson, murder, rape, etc.

重罪, 重刑罪

重罪, 重刑罪

Ex: His criminal record showed multiple felonies, making it difficult for him to find employment after his release from prison .他的犯罪记录显示有多项**重罪**,这使他在出狱后很难找到工作。
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parole
[名词]

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

假释

假释

Ex: Parole offers offenders the opportunity for rehabilitation and reintegration into society under supervision, with the goal of reducing recidivism.**假释**为罪犯提供了在监督下康复和重新融入社会的机会,旨在减少再犯。
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penalty
[名词]

a punishment given for breaking a rule, law, or legal agreement

处罚, 罚款

处罚, 罚款

Ex: He was given a penalty for breaking the terms of his contract .他因违反合同条款而被处以**罚款**。
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libel
[名词]

a written statement in a legal case, outlining the harmful statements made against someone and what they seek from the court

诽谤, 诋毁

诽谤, 诋毁

Ex: The plaintiff 's libel detailed how the defamatory statements had harmed their reputation in the community .原告的**诽谤**详细说明了诽谤性陈述如何损害了他们在社区中的声誉。
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counterclaim
[名词]

a response in court, stating an opposing demand

反诉, 反索赔

反诉, 反索赔

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trustee
[名词]

a person or group of people who control the property or money that belongs to another person

受托人, 管理人

受托人, 管理人

Ex: The trustee made investments on behalf of the trust to grow its assets over time .**受托人**代表信托进行投资,以随着时间的推移增加其资产。
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offender
[名词]

a person who commits a crime

罪犯, 犯罪者

罪犯, 犯罪者

Ex: Community service can be a constructive way for offenders to make amends for their actions and contribute positively to society .社区服务可以是**违法者**弥补其行为并积极贡献社会的建设性方式。
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verdict
[名词]

an official decision made by the jury in a court after the legal proceedings

裁决, 判决

裁决, 判决

Ex: The media reported on the landmark verdict that set a new precedent in criminal law .媒体报道了这一具有里程碑意义的**判决**,为刑法设立了新的先例。
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acquittal
[名词]

an official judgment in court of law that declares someone not guilty of the crime they were charged with

无罪释放, 宣告无罪

无罪释放, 宣告无罪

Ex: Following the acquittal, the defendant was released from custody and allowed to resume their normal life .**无罪释放**后,被告被从拘留中释放,并被允许恢复正常生活。
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penitentiary
[名词]

a prison or correctional facility where individuals convicted of serious crimes are confined and undergo rehabilitation

监狱, 教养所

监狱, 教养所

Ex: The penitentiary is located on the outskirts of the city , surrounded by high walls and guard towers .**监狱**位于城市郊区,四周是高墙和警戒塔。
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reformatory
[名词]

an institution designed to reform or rehabilitate young offenders rather than simply punish them

感化院, 少年管教所

感化院, 少年管教所

Ex: Graduates of the reformatory often speak about how the experience helped them turn their lives around .**感化院**的毕业生经常谈到这段经历如何帮助他们改变生活。
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statutory
[形容词]

according to or allowed by law

法定的, 法令的

法定的, 法令的

Ex: Tax deductions are subject to statutory limits set forth in the Internal Revenue Code .税收减免受《国内税收法典》规定的**法定**限制。
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judicial
[形容词]

belonging or appropriate for a court, a judge, or the administration of justice

司法的

司法的

Ex: Lawyers play a crucial role in presenting arguments and evidence before the judicial authorities .律师在向**司法**当局提出论据和证据方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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indeterminate
[形容词]

(of a judicial sentence) establishing a range of time within which the offender will serve their sentence, with the possibility of early release

不确定的, 不定期的

不确定的, 不定期的

Ex: An indeterminate sentence allows for the possibility of early release , contingent upon the offender 's behavior .**不确定**的判决允许根据罪犯的行为提前释放的可能性。
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to indict
[动词]

to officially accuse a person of a crime

起诉, 控告

起诉, 控告

Ex: The investigators are currently indicting the suspect for money laundering .调查人员目前正在以洗钱罪**起诉**嫌疑人。
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to banish
[动词]

to force someone to leave a country, often as a form of punishment or to keep them away

放逐, 驱逐

放逐, 驱逐

Ex: The criminal was banished from the country as part of the punishment for their crimes .作为对他们罪行的惩罚的一部分,这名罪犯被**驱逐**出境。
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to exile
[动词]

to force someone to live away from their native country, usually due to political reasons or as a punishment

流放, 放逐

流放, 放逐

Ex: The journalist was exiled for exposing government corruption .这名记者因揭露政府腐败而被**流放**。
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to outlaw
[动词]

to officially state that something is illegal

禁止, 宣布为非法

禁止, 宣布为非法

Ex: To address concerns about privacy , the government moved to outlaw certain intrusive surveillance practices .为了解决对隐私的担忧,政府决定**禁止**某些侵入性监控行为。
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to authorize
[动词]

to officially give permission for a specific action, process, etc.

授权, 批准

授权, 批准

Ex: Banks often require customers to authorize certain transactions through a signature or other verification methods .银行通常要求客户通过签名或其他验证方法**授权**某些交易。
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to enact
[动词]

to approve a proposed law

颁布, 通过

颁布, 通过

Ex: The government is currently enacting emergency measures in response to the crisis .政府目前正在**颁布**紧急措施以应对危机。
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to convict
[动词]

to announce officially that someone is guilty of a crime in a court of law

定罪, 宣告有罪

定罪, 宣告有罪

Ex: Over the years , the legal system has occasionally convicted high-profile figures for various offenses .多年来,法律体系偶尔会因各种罪行**定罪**一些高调人物。
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to execute
[动词]

to kill someone, especially as a legal penalty

处决, 执行死刑

处决, 执行死刑

Ex: International human rights organizations often condemn governments that execute individuals without fair trials or proper legal representation .国际人权组织经常谴责那些在没有公正审判或适当法律代表的情况下**处决**个人的政府。
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to prosecute
[动词]

to try to charge someone officially with a crime in a court as the lawyer of the accuser

起诉, 控告

起诉, 控告

Ex: He hired an expert to help prosecute the case , ensuring every legal angle was covered .他聘请了一位专家来帮助**起诉**此案,确保涵盖了所有法律角度。
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to arbitrate
[动词]

to officially resolve a disagreement between people

仲裁, 调解

仲裁, 调解

Ex: The parents asked their older child to arbitrate the argument between their younger siblings .父母让他们的长子**仲裁**弟弟妹妹之间的争论。
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a legally binding contract between parties, typically individuals or businesses, that outlines confidential information that the parties agree not to disclose to others

保密协议, 不披露协议

保密协议, 不披露协议

Ex: Before entering into negotiations , both parties agreed to sign a non-disclosure agreement.在进入谈判之前,双方同意签署一份**保密协议**。
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the assurance that sensitive information will not be divulged without proper consent

保密性, 职业秘密

保密性, 职业秘密

Ex: The therapist assured the client of complete confidentiality during counseling sessions to foster trust .治疗师向客户保证在咨询期间完全**保密**以培养信任。
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obligation
[名词]

an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

义务, 责任

义务, 责任

Ex: Attending the meeting was not just a suggestion but an obligation for all department heads .参加会议不仅是一个建议,而且是所有部门负责人的**义务**。
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infringement
[名词]

an action that is against a law. regulation, or agreement

侵权,  违反

侵权, 违反

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infraction
[名词]

the act of breaking or not obeying a law, agreement, etc.

违规,  犯罪

违规, 犯罪

Ex: The company has a zero-tolerance policy for infractions of its code of conduct , enforcing strict penalties for violations .公司对违反其行为准则的行为采取零容忍政策,对违规行为实施严格处罚。
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inviolable
[形容词]

unable to be broken or dishonored, often due to its importance or protection by law or custom

不可侵犯的, 神圣的

不可侵犯的, 神圣的

Ex: In a democratic society , the principles of justice and fairness are deemed inviolable.在一个民主社会中,正义和公平的原则被视为**不可侵犯的**。
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to exempt
[动词]

to officially excuse someone from a requirement or obligation

免除, 豁免

免除, 豁免

Ex: The government may exempt certain charitable organizations from paying income taxes .政府可以**免除**某些慈善组织缴纳所得税。
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to commit
[动词]

to state that one is bound to do something specific

承诺, 致力于

承诺, 致力于

Ex: Before launching the new initiative , the team committed to conducting thorough research and gathering stakeholder feedback .在启动新计划之前,团队**承诺**进行彻底的研究并收集利益相关者的反馈。
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to entrust
[动词]

to give someone the responsibility of taking care of something important, such as a task, duty, or information

委托, 托付

委托, 托付

Ex: The executive is actively entrusting the implementation of the strategy to competent departments .高管正在积极地将战略的实施**委托**给有能力的部门。
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to pledge
[动词]

to make a binding agreement

承诺, 保证

承诺, 保证

Ex: She was pledged to honesty by her parents from a young age .她从小就被父母**承诺**要诚实。
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to slander
[动词]

to make false and adverse statements about someone for defamation

诽谤, 中伤

诽谤, 中伤

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