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GRE必备词汇 - 咖啡社会

在这里,你将学习一些关于社会的英语单词,如“阶层”、“种族”、“种姓”等,这些是GRE考试所需要的。

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
stratum
[名词]

a group of people with similar social standing, education, or income

阶层, 层

阶层, 层

Ex: The political party gained support from the working-class stratum.该政党获得了工人阶级**阶层**的支持。
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the process of cultural exchange and adaptation when individuals or groups from different cultures come into contact, leading to changes in their respective cultural patterns

文化适应, 文化交流和适应的过程

文化适应, 文化交流和适应的过程

Ex: Cultural festivals serve as platforms for acculturation, where people from different backgrounds share and celebrate their customs .文化节日作为**文化适应**的平台,来自不同背景的人们在这里分享和庆祝他们的习俗。
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apartheid
[名词]

a system where people are treated differently or separated based on their race, ethnicity, or other characteristics

种族隔离

种族隔离

Ex: He wrote a book detailing his experiences growing up under apartheid.他写了一本书,详细描述了他在**种族隔离**制度下成长的经历。
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aristocracy
[名词]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

贵族, 贵族阶级

贵族, 贵族阶级

Ex: The aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .**贵族**反对许多威胁他们特权的社会改革。
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bourgeoisie
[名词]

the society's middle class

资产阶级

资产阶级

Ex: The revolutionaries aimed to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a more equitable society .革命者的目标是推翻**资产阶级**,建立一个更公平的社会。
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class-conscious
[形容词]

fully aware of the ranking system that distinguishes the general public

阶级意识强的, 对社会等级制度有充分认识的

阶级意识强的, 对社会等级制度有充分认识的

Ex: He grew up in a class-conscious environment , aware of the differences in social classes .他在一个**阶级意识**强烈的环境中长大,意识到社会阶级的差异。
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hierarchical
[形容词]

relating to a system that is organized based on social ranking or levels of authority

等级制度的

等级制度的

Ex: The military operates on a hierarchical chain of command , with officers giving orders to subordinates .军队按照**等级**指挥链运作,军官向部下下达命令。
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demographic
[名词]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

人口统计的, 人口统计特征

人口统计的, 人口统计特征

Ex: Companies often tailor their products to appeal to a specific demographic.公司经常调整他们的产品以吸引特定的**人口统计**群体。
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ethnicity
[名词]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

种族

种族

Ex: The festival showcases music , food , and art from various ethnicities around the world .这个节日展示了来自世界各地不同**民族**的音乐、食物和艺术。
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subsistence
[名词]

a situation in which one has just enough money or food to survive

生存, 生计

生存, 生计

Ex: The family struggled to maintain subsistence on their small farm .这家人努力在他们的**小农场**上维持生计。
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overlord
[名词]

someone who is in a position of power, especially in the past

最高统治者, 霸主

最高统治者, 霸主

Ex: During the empire , the emperor was considered the ultimate overlord.在帝国时期,皇帝被认为是终极的**霸主**。
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polity
[名词]

a political organization of a group of people with a shared identity that is part of a larger political system itself

政体, 政治组织

政体, 政治组织

Ex: The European Union is a supranational polity composed of member states that have agreed to share sovereignty in certain areas of governance .欧盟是一个由成员国组成的超国家**政治组织**,这些成员国同意在治理的某些领域共享主权。
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to segregate
[动词]

to employ a system that sorts out people in the society based on their race or religion

隔离, 分离

隔离, 分离

Ex: The university came under scrutiny for segregating students into separate dormitories based on their ethnicity .该大学因根据学生的种族将他们**隔离**到不同的宿舍而受到审查。
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caste
[名词]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

种姓, 种姓制度

种姓, 种姓制度

Ex: Efforts to address caste-based discrimination require legislative measures, educational reforms, and social awareness campaigns to promote equality and inclusivity.解决基于**种姓**的歧视问题需要立法措施、教育改革和社会意识宣传活动来促进平等和包容性。
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supremacist
[名词]

someone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them

至上主义者, 优越主义者

至上主义者, 优越主义者

Ex: The supremacist's rhetoric fueled division and conflict in the community .**至上主义者**的言论加剧了社区中的分裂和冲突。
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the protection that a country grants to someone who has fled their home country because of political reasons

政治庇护, 政治保护

政治庇护, 政治保护

Ex: The government granted political asylum to the journalist who fled from a repressive regime .政府授予了逃离压制政权的记者**政治庇护**。
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benefactor
[名词]

a person who gives money or support to help others

恩人, 赞助人

恩人, 赞助人

Ex: She wrote a letter to her benefactor, expressing her appreciation for the support .她给她的**恩人**写了一封信,表达了对支持的感激之情。
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the conflict of interests between different social classes in a society, as mentioned in Marxist ideology

阶级斗争, 阶级冲突

阶级斗争, 阶级冲突

Ex: The activist spoke about the ongoing class struggle in modern urban environments .活动家谈到了现代城市环境中正在进行的**阶级斗争**。
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deportation
[名词]

the act of forcing someone out of a country, usually because they do not have the legal right to stay there or because they have broken the law

驱逐出境,  递解出境

驱逐出境, 递解出境

Ex: Despite living in the country for years , he faced deportation after being convicted of a serious crime .尽管在该国生活多年,他在被判犯有严重罪行后仍面临**驱逐出境**。
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the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others

歧视, 隔离

歧视, 隔离

Ex: She spoke out against discrimination after witnessing unfair treatment of her colleagues .在目睹了同事受到不公平待遇后,她公开反对**歧视**。
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to displace
[动词]

to make someone leave their home by force, particularly because of an unpleasant event

使流离失所, 驱逐

使流离失所, 驱逐

Ex: The wildfire raging through the forest threatened to displace residents in nearby towns .肆虐森林的野火威胁要**驱逐**附近城镇的居民。
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elite
[名词]

a small group of people in a society who enjoy a lot of advantages because of their economic, intellectual, etc. superiority

精英

精英

Ex: He aspired to join the intellectual elite of the academic world .他渴望加入学术界的知识**精英**。
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homophobia
[名词]

hatred, antipathy, or prejudice toward homosexuals

恐同症, 对同性恋者的仇恨

恐同症, 对同性恋者的仇恨

Ex: The school 's new policy addresses and seeks to reduce homophobia.学校的新政策旨在解决并寻求减少**恐同症**。
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to take away a person or a country's riches to the point of poverty

使贫困, 摧毁

使贫困, 摧毁

Ex: By the time the reforms were introduced , the region had already been impoverished.改革推出时,该地区已经**贫困化**了。
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indigent
[形容词]

extremely poor or in need

贫困的, 贫穷的

贫困的, 贫穷的

Ex: The nonprofit organization aimed to provide support and resources for the indigent community.该非营利组织旨在为**贫困**社区提供支持和资源。
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intersectional
[形容词]

related to the social categories such as gender, race, sexuality, or age and the way they can extend over the experiences of an individual belonging to an oppressed population

交叉性的

交叉性的

Ex: Intersectional feminism looks at how various forms of oppression intersect .**交叉性**女权主义研究各种形式的压迫如何相交。
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to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

边缘化, 忽视

边缘化, 忽视

Ex: By marginalizing diverse perspectives , we limit our ability to address complex social issues effectively .通过**边缘化**多样化的观点,我们限制了有效解决复杂社会问题的能力。
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to admit a foreigner as an official citizen in a country

归化, 授予公民身份

归化, 授予公民身份

Ex: The family eagerly awaited their turn to be naturalized, excited to officially become citizens of their new country and fully participate in its democratic process .这家人急切地等待着他们**入籍**的时刻,兴奋地正式成为他们新国家的公民并充分参与其民主进程。
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parity
[名词]

a state in which two or more things are equal

平等, 同等

平等, 同等

Ex: They discussed ways to achieve parity in funding for rural and urban schools .他们讨论了如何在农村和城市学校的资金分配上实现**平等**。
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penury
[名词]

a state of being exceedingly poor and in need

贫困, 贫穷

贫困, 贫穷

Ex: The sudden loss of his job pushed him into a state of penury.他突然失去工作,陷入了**贫困**状态。
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the act of enhancing different opportunities for the people who have been treated as inferior due to belonging to a specific social category like race, sex, and etc. in a society

积极歧视, 平权行动

积极歧视, 平权行动

Ex: The scholarship program was an example of positive discrimination to support minority students .奖学金计划是支持少数民族学生的**积极歧视**的一个例子。
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quota system
[名词]

a system that allows a limited number of immigrants to officially enter a country annually

配额制度, 限额制度

配额制度, 限额制度

Ex: The quota system ensures that immigration levels remain manageable .**配额制度**确保移民水平保持在可管理的范围内。
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slumlord
[名词]

an owner of a house of land in a location where people are exceedingly poor and have really bad living conditions, who demands rents more than one can afford

贫民窟房东, 剥削性房东

贫民窟房东, 剥削性房东

Ex: After years of neglect , the government intervened and forced the slumlord to improve the living conditions of their tenants or face legal consequences .经过多年的忽视,政府干预并迫使**贫民窟房东**改善租户的生活条件或面临法律后果。
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an awareness of other people's pain and problems who have a bad condition in the society and feeling a sense of duty to take care of them

社会良知, 社会意识

社会良知, 社会意识

Ex: The film highlighted the importance of having a social conscience in addressing inequality .这部电影强调了在解决不平等问题时拥有**社会良知**的重要性。
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bigotry
[名词]

the fact of having or expressing strong, irrational views and disliking other people with different views or a different way of life

偏执, 不容忍

偏执, 不容忍

Ex: They worked hard to challenge the bigotry that was prevalent in their society .他们努力工作以挑战社会中普遍存在的**偏执**。
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unrest
[名词]

a political situation in which there is anger among the people and protests are likely

动荡, 骚乱

动荡, 骚乱

Ex: The rise in fuel prices caused unrest among the workers .燃料价格的上涨在工人中引起了**骚动**。
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