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Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency) - Science

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Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency)
assay
[noun]

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

Ex: Researchers used an assay to determine the potency of the new antibiotic .
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astringent
[Adjective]

causing body tissues to tighten or contract

Ex: The rinse left a slightly astringent sensation in the mouth .
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aureole
[noun]

the shining area that surrounds the sun and other stars

Ex: The aureole's brightness varied with solar activity .
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axiom
[noun]

(logic) a statement or proposition that is accepted as true without requiring proof

Ex: The principle of bivalence , an axiom in classical logic , holds that every proposition is either true or false .
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apogee
[noun]

the orbital point farthest from Earth for a moon, satellite, or spacecraft

Ex: The probe 's data at apogee provided a clearer view of the outer radiation belt .
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centrifugal
[Adjective]

tending to move outward from a central point

Ex: The washing machine 's centrifugal spin cycle removes excess water from the clothes by pushing it outward .
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a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

Ex: Pharmaceutical labs use centrifuges to purify and separate different drug components .
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centripetal
[Adjective]

moving, directed, or acting toward a central point or axis

Ex: The storm 's winds spiraled in a centripetal motion toward the eye .
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to draw a shape around another so that it touches the inner shape at specific points without overlapping or cutting through it

Ex: The computer model circumscribed the complex shape with a simplified polygon .
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actuarial
[Adjective]

relating to the statistical assessment of risk, especially in insurance, finance, or pension planning, based on mathematical models and probability

Ex: Actuarial models were used to estimate the impact of the new policy .
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anthropomorphic
[Adjective]

(of non-human entities) having human traits, emotions, intentions, or physical characteristics

Ex: The sculpture gave the tree an anthropomorphic face and limbs .
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endemic
[Adjective]

found or restricted to a specific geographic region or habitat

Ex: The endemic species of fish is only found in the freshwater lakes of the mountain range .
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a branch of zoology concerning the scientific study of insects

Ex: Entomologists study the interactions between insects and their environments, contributing to conservation efforts and biodiversity assessments.
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eugenics
[noun]

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

Ex: The history of eugenics includes numerous human rights violations .
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a projection about future events or hypothetical situations, drawn from known data, observations, or experience

Ex: Extrapolation from past behavior indicated future risk .
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the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

Ex: Epistemology examines the difference between opinion and knowledge .
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the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

Ex: The release of hormones like adrenaline during stress is part of the body 's response to maintain homeostasis in challenging situations .
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igneous
[Adjective]

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

Ex: The volcano erupted , spewing out molten lava that eventually formed igneous formations .
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microcosm
[noun]

a miniature representation of something larger

Ex: Studies of ant colonies and bee hives reveal orderly microcosms that replicate the functioning of larger societies .
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a scientist who specializes in the study of birds, including their behavior, ecology, and evolution

Ex: The ornithologist's fieldwork took her to remote rainforests .
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the branch of science that studies fossils

Ex: Through paleontology, researchers have gained insights into the mass extinction events that have shaped the history of life on our planet .
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perigee
[noun]

the point in the orbit of a celestial body, such as a satellite or moon, where it is closest to the Earth

Ex: The comet 's perigee brought it within a few million miles of the Sun , causing its icy tail to glow brightly as it approached the star .
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sidereal
[Adjective]

relating to the stars or constellations, especially in terms of their positions relative to Earth

Ex: Sidereal charts plot the positions of celestial objects against the background of distant stars .
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the scientific and experimental operations performed on live animals

Ex: Vivisection was conducted to study the effects of the new drug on living organisms .
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to estimate something using past experiences or known data

Ex: The economist extrapolated the impact of the policy on the nation ’s economy .
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cytology
[noun]

the scientific field focused on examining cell anatomy, physiology, and life processes, often using microscopes and molecular techniques

Ex: Modern cytology uses advanced imaging tools to explore cell structures in unprecedented detail .
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acoustics
[noun]

the branch of physics concerned with the generation, transmission, and effects of sound waves in gases, liquids, and solids

Ex: Advances in acoustics have improved hearing aid technology .
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adamant
[noun]

extremely hard, pure form of carbon, essentially diamond in its natural crystalline state

Ex: The myth described a fortress with walls of adamant, impervious to any attack .
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alloy
[noun]

a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant

Ex: Aluminum alloys are lightweight and strong , making them suitable for aerospace applications and automotive parts .
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to anneal
[Verb]

to heat and then slowly cool a material to make it stronger or less brittle

Ex: Hardship can anneal a person 's character .
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anthropoid
[Adjective]

having physical traits similar to those of non-human primates

Ex: The creature had an anthropoid face and long arms .
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Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency)
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