Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced) - Biology, Genetics & Life Processes

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nucleus [noun]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

Ex: Within the nucleus , there is a dense region called the nucleolus , where ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) is synthesized and assembled into ribosomes .

metabolism [noun]

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

Ex: The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by producing hormones that control metabolic rate .

evolutionary [adjective]

related to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something

Ex: The evolutionary history of humans traces back millions of years to ancestral primates .

evolution [noun]

(biology) the slow and gradual development of living things throughout the history of the earth

Ex: The study of evolution helps scientists understand the diversity of life on Earth and how organisms are interconnected through common ancestry .

genome [noun]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

Ex: Researchers are studying the genome of the coronavirus to track its mutations and develop effective vaccines .

mutation [noun]

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

Ex: Due to a mutation in his genes , the child was born with blue eyes , even though both parents had brown eyes .

embryo [noun]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

Ex: Researchers study embryos to better understand the early stages of human development and congenital disorders .

hybrid [noun]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

Ex: The gardener planted a hybrid in her vegetable patch , knowing it would yield more fruit and be less susceptible to disease than purebred varieties .

clone [noun]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

Ex: Researchers created a clone of the original stem cell to study its potential for regenerating damaged tissues .

to reproduce [verb]

(of a living being) to produce offspring or more of itself

Ex: Humans reproduce through sexual reproduction , leading to the birth of babies .

stimulus [noun]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

Ex: In therapy , therapists may use various stimuli , such as images or prompts , to evoke emotional responses and facilitate discussion .

synthesis [noun]

the act of producing a substance that exists in living beings

Ex: The synthesis of insulin in the pancreas helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body .

bloom [noun]

the organic process through which a plant produces flowers

Ex: The magnolias reached peak bloom in early April this year .

life cycle [noun]

all the different stages of grow and development of a living organism

Ex: Plants have a unique life cycle that involves seeds , growth , and reproduction .

to wilt [verb]

to become limp or droopy, usually due to lack of water or loss of vitality

Ex: The delicate petals of the bouquet began to wilt after being left unattended for several hours .

lifespan [noun]

the total amount of time that an organism, person, or object is alive or able to function

Ex: Scientists are working to understand the lifespan of human cells .

to inherit [verb]

to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance

Ex: He inherited his grandfather 's talent for playing the piano .

gestation period [noun]

the duration between conception and birth during which an embryo or fetus develops in the uterus

Ex: Farmers track the gestation period of dairy cows to schedule calving and optimize milk production .

blood vessel [noun]

any tube structure inside the body through which blood can circulate, such as a vein, artery, etc.

Ex: During exercise , blood vessels expand to increase the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the muscles .

bloodstream [noun]

the flowing blood in a circulatory system, moving through vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body

Ex: As adrenaline floods the bloodstream , the body enters a heightened state of alert during an emergency .

cell [noun]

an organism's smallest unit, capable of functioning on its own

Ex: The discovery of cells and the development of cell theory by scientists such as Robert Hooke and Theodor Schwann revolutionized our understanding of living organisms .

cellular [adjective]

relating to or consisting of cells, the basic structural units of living organisms or systems

Ex:

cortex [noun]

(anatomy) the outer layer of the anterior part of the brain, called cerebrum, containing gray matter

Ex:

nutrient [noun]

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

Ex: A balanced diet includes a variety of nutrients .

pathogen [noun]

any organism that can cause diseases

Ex: The researchers identified a new viral pathogen that was causing the outbreak of respiratory illness in the community .

to evolve [verb]

to develop from a simple form to a more complex or sophisticated one over an extended period

Ex: Organizational structures can evolve as companies grow and adapt to changing needs .

domestication [noun]

the process of taming wild animals and developing them into pets or livestock through selective breeding and husbandry

Ex: Over millennia , sheep domestication produced breeds adapted to a wide range of climates and fleece qualities .

cardiovascular [adjective]

related to the heart and blood vessels

Ex: Regular exercise and a healthy diet can help maintain cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease .

gene [noun]

(genetics) a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located on a chromosome in a cell and controls a particular quality

Ex:

Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced)
Ecological Principles & Conservation	Pollution, Waste & Human Impact	Energy, Resources & Environmental Events	Physics & States of Matter
Chemical & Material Processes	Biology, Genetics & Life Processes	Art Forms & Creative Processes	The Art Scene
Sports	Medical Practices & Treatments	Illnesses, Injuries & Specific Conditions	General Health & Medical Systems
Social Disadvantage & Core Issues	Personal Traits & Character	Societal Frameworks, Governance & Welfare	Recruitment & Job Roles
Workplace Culture & Career	Trade & Market Dynamics	Technological Devices & Systems	Telephoning & Direct Speech
Physical Appearance & Form	Academic Studies & Qualifications	Skills & Competencies	Crime & Legal Consequences
Apparel, Cost & Styles	Historical Societies & Economic Systems	Work Performance & Conditions	Financial Management & Economic Health
Corporate Structures & Strategic Actions	Social Navigation & Behavior Patterns	Perspectives, Beliefs & Navigating Challenges	Traits & Self-Concept
Cognitive Processes & Memory	Analysis, Judgment & Problem Solving	Innovation, Development & Function	Superstition & Supernatural
Media, Publishing & Information Dynamics	Emotional States & Reactions	Communicative Interpretation & Expression	Formal Communication & Information Exchange
Social Influence & Strategies	Personal Conduct & Self-Management	State & Condition	Relational & Abstract Qualities
Clarity, Perception & Reality	Style & Atmosphere	Negative Judgments & Flaws	Positive Judgments & High Value
Challenging Interactions & Social Tactics	Family & Social Connections	Adverbs & Adverbial Phrases	Manual Actions or Physical Movement
Level & Intensity	Everyday Objects & Domestic Life	Food, Cooking & Dining	Creatures & Their Behaviors