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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced) - Social Disadvantage & Core Issues

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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced)
rundown
rundown
[Adjective]

(of a place or building) in a very poor condition, often due to negligence

Ex: The old rundown hotel was in desperate need of repairs. 
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illiteracy

the inability to read and write

Ex: Adult illiteracy in the region made it difficult for residents to complete official forms. 
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homeless
homeless
[noun]

people who lack stable housing and so live on the streets

Ex: The organization provides support services for the homeless in the area. 
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disorder
disorder
[noun]

conduct that causes public unrest

Ex: Police were called after the bar fight escalated into disorder in the street. 
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to [breed] crime

to cause or increase the occurrence of criminal activity, often by creating conditions that encourage it

Ex: Poverty and lack of education can breed crime. 
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unfit
unfit
[Adjective]

not suitable or capable enough for a specific task or purpose

Ex: The old shoes were unfit for hiking, lacking proper traction and support. 
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street child

a child for whom the street is the habitual place of residence or primary source of livelihood

Ex: The NGO operates day centers where a street child can get a meal, a wash, and basic medical care. 
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poverty line

an officially recognized income threshold that separates those considered to have sufficient resources from those judged to lack the minimum income needed to meet basic needs

Ex: The family's income fell below the poverty line after the primary earner lost his job. 
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to incite
to incite
[Verb]

to encourage someone to commit a crime or act violently

Ex: His reckless speech seemed to incite violence among the protesters. 
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famine
famine
[noun]

a situation where there is not enough food that causes hunger and death

Ex: Many children were orphaned as a result of the famine. 
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destitute
destitute
[Adjective]

lacking essential non-material needs, such as support, love, or community

Ex: Modern society is destitute of genuine community bonds. 
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the margin of society

the social or economic edge of a community, where individuals or groups are excluded from full participation or opportunity

Ex: Many live on the margin of society without access to basic services. 
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penury
penury
[noun]

a state of being exceedingly poor and in need

Ex: He grew up in penury, struggling to meet basic needs. 
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to [sleep] rough

to sleep outdoors or in a place that is not intended for accommodation, such as on the streets or in a park, usually without proper bedding or shelter

Ex: He often sleeps rough when he can't find a place to stay, 
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riot
riot
[noun]

a situation when a group of people behave violently, particularly as a protest

Ex: A peaceful demonstration turned into a violent riot after clashes broke out between protesters and counter-protesters. 
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to erupt
to erupt
[Verb]

to suddenly and dramatically start, often in a surprising or intense way

Ex: The argument erupted out of nowhere, catching everyone off guard. 
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social exclusion

the state of being shut out from full participation in society due to poverty, discrimination, or lack of access to services, rights, or opportunities

Ex: The program aims to reduce social exclusion in urban areas. 
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antisocial
antisocial
[Adjective]

hostile toward accepted social standards, laws, or communal order

Ex: The vandals' antisocial behavior damaged several storefronts and alarmed nearby residents. 
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the breadline

an informal threshold of income that marks the level at which a person or household is regarded as very poor or barely able to afford basic necessities

Ex: Many families are living below the breadline. 
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to [live] from hand to mouth

to survive with just enough money or resources to meet immediate needs, without saving or planning for the future

Ex: Many families are forced to live from hand to mouth. 
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congestion

a state of being overcrowded or blocked, particularly in a street or road

Ex: There was heavy congestion on the highway during rush hour. 
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gridlock
gridlock
[noun]

a situation in which traffic is so heavily congested that movement is virtually impossible

Ex: The city center was in complete gridlock after the accident blocked all lanes. 
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deprived
deprived
[Adjective]

lacking the basic necessities of life

Ex: The deprived children lacked access to proper nutrition and education. 
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prejudiced
prejudiced
[Adjective]

holding opinions or judgments influenced by personal bias rather than objective reasoning

Ex: His review was prejudiced, favoring his friend's work unfairly. 
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unrest
unrest
[noun]

a political situation in which there is anger among the people and protests are likely

Ex: The government’s decision sparked widespread unrest across the country. 
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black spot

a physical location known for frequent danger, accidents, or problems

Ex: That intersection is a black spot for crashes. 
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