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فهرست واژگان سطح C2 - Law

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شروع یادگیری
CEFR C2 Vocabulary
litigant
[اسم]

(law) a person or party involved in a legal case

طرف دعوا

طرف دعوا

Ex: The small business owner found himself as litigant in a contract dispute with a former partner over the terms of their dissolved agreement .
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an extra financial compensation awarded in a lawsuit to punish the defendant for bad behavior and deter future wrongdoing

خسارات تنبیهی

خسارات تنبیهی

Ex: The class-action lawsuit punitive damages against the pharmaceutical company for unethical marketing practices .
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intestacy
[اسم]

the condition of dying without a valid will, leaving the distribution of one's estate to be determined by the laws of intestate succession rather than specific instructions in a will

بی‌وصیت‌بودن, مردن بدون وصیت

بی‌وصیت‌بودن, مردن بدون وصیت

Ex: The family faced complications in settling the deceased 's affairs due to the absence of a will and the application intestacy laws .
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bar
[اسم]

the physical railing or barrier in a courtroom that separates participants from the judge

نرده‌های دادگاه که جایگاه قاضی و متهم را از هم جدا می‌کنند

نرده‌های دادگاه که جایگاه قاضی و متهم را از هم جدا می‌کنند

Ex: The defendant remained behind bar until called to the stand .
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litigator
[اسم]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

وکیل دادگستری

وکیل دادگستری

Ex: In the courtroom , litigator presented persuasive arguments and effectively cross-examined witnesses to support their client 's case .
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the reasonable suspicion that a crime has occurred or will occur

علت احتمالی

علت احتمالی

Ex: The court determined that the anonymous tip provided probable cause for a search warrant .
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barrister
[اسم]

a legal professional who is qualified and licensed to advocate on the behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts, primarily in Britain

وکیل دادگستری, وکیل مدافع

وکیل دادگستری, وکیل مدافع

Ex: As barrister, he is known for his sharp legal mind and eloquent courtroom presentations .
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injunction
[اسم]

a legal order from a court that requires a party to do or refrain from doing a specific action

دستور قضایی

دستور قضایی

Ex: The singer was granted injunction against the paparazzi to protect her privacy .
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affidavit
[اسم]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

سوگندنامه, استشهاد

سوگندنامه, استشهاد

Ex: Falsifying information in affidavit can result in serious legal consequences , including perjury charges .
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deposition
[اسم]

a recorded testimony given outside of court by a witness or party involved in a legal case, used as evidence in future proceedings

گواهی, استشهاد

گواهی, استشهاد

Ex: The witnessdeposition was admitted as evidence during the trial , influencing the judge and jury .
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notary
[اسم]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

سردفتر اسناد رسمی

سردفتر اسناد رسمی

Ex: notary confirmed the identity of the signatories and witnessed the signing of the will in accordance with state law .
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adjournment
[اسم]

the temporary suspension or postponement of a legal proceeding or meeting

تعویق

تعویق

Ex: The attorney requested adjournment to better prepare for the cross-examination of the witness .
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acquittal
[اسم]

an official judgment in court of law that declares someone not guilty of the crime they were charged with

تبرئه

تبرئه

Ex: Following acquittal, the defendant was released from custody and allowed to resume their normal life .
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infraction
[اسم]

the act of breaking or not obeying a law, agreement, etc.

تخلف, سرپیچی

تخلف, سرپیچی

Ex: The company has a zero-tolerance policy infractions of its code of conduct , enforcing strict penalties for violations .
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indictment
[اسم]

a formal accusation of a crime

اتهام

اتهام

Ex: Upon receiving indictment, the defendant was arrested and taken into custody by law enforcement officers .
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parole
[اسم]

(law) the permission for a prisoner to leave prison before the end of their imprisonment sentence, on the condition of good conduct

عفو مشروط

عفو مشروط

Ex: Parole offers offenders the opportunity for rehabilitation and reintegration into society under supervision, with the goal of reducing recidivism.
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subpoena
[اسم]

a legal document issued by a court or administrative agency, compelling an individual to appear as a witness, produce certain documents, or provide testimony in a legal proceeding

احضاریه, حکم احضار، خواست برگ

احضاریه, حکم احضار، خواست برگ

Ex: The court clerk subpoenas for the employees who could provide essential information in the investigation .
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remit
[اسم]

the process of sending a legal case from one court to another for review or resolution, often due to jurisdictional or procedural reasons

ارسال پرونده حقوقی از یک دادگاه به دادگاه دیگر

ارسال پرونده حقوقی از یک دادگاه به دادگاه دیگر

Ex: The lawyer argued that remit was crucial for a fair trial , as the current court lacked the appropriate jurisdiction .
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tort
[اسم]

a civil wrong causing harm, not a crime

تخلف

تخلف

Ex: The manufacturer was held liable for tort of strict product liability after a defective product caused injuries .
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ordinance
[اسم]

an official rule or order that is imposed by the law or someone with authority

حکم, فرمان، دستور

حکم, فرمان، دستور

Ex: Violating ordinance can result in fines or other penalties imposed by the local government .
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to extradite
[فعل]

to send someone accused of a crime to the place where the crime happened or where they are wanted for legal matters

استرداد کردن

استرداد کردن

Ex: The judge ruled that they could extradite the accused without proper evidence .
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to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

دعوی را استماع و قضاوت کردن, رسیدگی (قضایی) کردن

دعوی را استماع و قضاوت کردن, رسیدگی (قضایی) کردن

Ex: Last month , the mediator was adjudicating conflicts between the parties .
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to annex
[فعل]

to attach a document to another, especially in formal or legal writings

ضمیمه کردن, پیوستن

ضمیمه کردن, پیوستن

Ex: Please remember annex the receipts to your expense report for reimbursement .
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to exempt
[فعل]

to officially excuse someone from a requirement or obligation

معاف کردن

معاف کردن

Ex: The government exempt certain charitable organizations from paying income taxes .
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to remand
[فعل]

to send a case back to a court of lower authority for additional reconsideration or review

تعویض دادرسی کیفری کردن

تعویض دادرسی کیفری کردن

Ex: The judge 's decision remand the juvenile offender to a rehabilitation facility was aimed at providing appropriate intervention and support .
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to infringe
[فعل]

to violate someone's rights or property

نقض کردن, زیر پا گذاشتن، شکستن، تخلف کردن

نقض کردن, زیر پا گذاشتن، شکستن، تخلف کردن

Ex: The court found the defendant guilty infringing the patent rights of a competing company .
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to annul
[فعل]

to invalidate a legal agreement

فسخ کردن

فسخ کردن

Ex: The parties sought annul the contract after discovering that it had been signed under duress .
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to co-sign
[فعل]

to sign a document or agreement jointly with another person, taking equal responsibility for fulfilling its terms

به‌طور مشترک امضا کردن

به‌طور مشترک امضا کردن

Ex: To help his friend secure the car loan, he agreed to co-sign the financing agreement, making him equally liable for the payments.
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