Akademicki IELTS (Pasmo 6-7) - Politics

a form of government where the power is vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives

demokracja, rządy ludu

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

referendum, głosowanie ludowe

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

federalizm, federalność

a system of governing that is authoritarian and usually not selected in a fair election

reżim, system rządów

a set of beliefs or principles that guide a community or nation

ideologia, system ideologiczny

someone who attempts to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

lobbysta, rzecznik interesów

the main political party opposed to the government

opozycja, partia opozycyjna

a system of government or a country or state that is ruled by a king or queen

monarchia, system monarchiczny

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

okręg wyborczy, wyborcy

arguments and disagreements between small groups of people within a political party or an organization

frakcja, stronnictwo

a piece of paper on which a vote is written

kartka do głosowania, głos

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

koalicja, sojusz

information and statements that are mostly biased and false and are used to promote a political cause or leader

propaganda, fałszywe informacje

to refuse to buy, use, or participate in something as a way to show disapproval or to try to bring about a change

bojkotować, zbojkotować

an official order according to which any commercial activity with a particular country is banned

embargo, zakaz handlu

a political and economic principle in which main industries are controlled by the government and that wealth is equally divided among citizens

socjalizm, socjalistyczny system

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

kapitalizm, system kapitalistyczny

the feeling of love or devotion toward one's country, its values, culture, history, and interests

patriotyzm, miłość do ojczyzny

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalizm, liberalność

a political system in which the government controls all industry, every citizen is equally treated, and private ownership does not exist

komunizm, komunizmu

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

regulacja, rozporządzenie

a separate part of a legal document that requires or talks about something specific

klauzula, postanowienie

to officially cancel or withdraw something, such as a law, a decision, a license, or a privilege

cofnąć, unieważnić

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

ustanawiać, legislować

to control or adjust something in a way that agrees with rules and regulations

uregulować, regulować

to approve a proposed law

uchwalić, zatwierdzić

to strongly criticize in an official manner

potępiać, zganić

a political belief with an inclination to keep the traditional values in a society by avoiding changes

konserwatyzm, konserwatywność

to make something lawful, acceptable, or valid

legitymizować, uzasadniać