کمبریج آیلتس 18 - آکادمیک - تست 4 - خواندن - گذرگاه 3 (1)

a careful systematic search

the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)

the general opinion that the public has about someone or something because of what they did in the past

originating from to relating to the large landmasses on Earth's surface known as continents

an event in which something is displaced without rotation

to put forward a suggestion, plan, or idea for consideration

over a large area or covering a wide range of subjects, places, or people

the point or place where something has its foundation or beginning

a strong disagreement or argument over something that involves many people

the entire duration of a person's life, from birth to death, or the duration of existence of something in general

to assume or accept something as true or necessary for the sake of argument, explanation, or theory

in a direction that is sideways or to the side

seeming believable or reasonable enough to be considered true

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

a field of science that studies the structure of the earth and its history

the branch of science that deals with the physical properties and processes of the Earth, including the behavior of its solid matter, the atmosphere, and the magnetic and gravitational fields

the branch of science that studies fossils

the scientific study of climates, including long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, wind, and other atmospheric conditions

used to give more specific information or examples regarding what has just been mentioned

the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust

a particular detail, feature, or aspect of something

a detailed plan outlining the objectives, methodology, and significance of a planned study or project

related to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something

(biology) the slow and gradual development of living things throughout the history of the earth

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

arousing interest and curiosity due to being strange or mysterious

to create something, usually an idea, a solution, or a plan, through one's own efforts or thinking

a scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena

a scientist who studies or observes planets, stars, and other happenings in the universe

to engage in an occupation as a way of earning money

having a connection to or originating in the Earth's atmosphere

a person who teaches courses at a college or university, often with a focus on undergraduate education, but who does not hold the rank of professor

a branch of science that studies space, planets, etc.

up in or into the air

made known; especially made widely known

a trip that has been organized for a particular purpose such as a scientific or military one or for exploration

to become well-known or respected in a particular field or area through one's achievements or actions

an unofficial association of people or groups

a scientist who studies and predicts weather conditions by analyzing atmospheric patterns, utilizing tools such as weather models, instruments, and data to provide forecasts and weather-related information

an individual who is trained in physics

the branch of physical science that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy, particularly the principles governing the conversion of various forms of energy

a written report that describes original research or findings on a particular scientific topic and is published in a scientific journal or conference proceedings

for the greatest part

an auxiliary activity

the study of the climate of past ages

try very hard to do something

the point or degree to which something extends

the manner or method of managing or dealing with something or someone

including many specific elements or pieces of information

to set aside a specific amount of time or space to discuss or focus on a topic

the way in which something is perceived or received by others, often referring to the response or reaction to an idea, message, or product

causing a lot of strong public disagreement or discussion

to actively engage in or carry out a specific activity or endeavor

a sequence of related events, actions, or developments

to resume something, a story, activity, or relationship

a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior

in a way that is very quick and often unexpected

continuously varying

to describe the qualities of someone or something in a certain manner

to show a particular quality, characteristic, or emotion

something that has developed from an earlier thing and still shows some connection to its original form or design

an alphabetical list of subjects, names, etc. along with the page numbers each of them occurs, coming at the end of a book