Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic - Test 3 - Reading - Passage 3 (2)

based upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas

to lead one to believe or consider that something exists or is true

very small in amount or degree, often the smallest possible

to categorize or organize something into specific groups or classifications

to be likely to develop or occur in a certain way because that is the usual pattern

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

at or to a more advanced point or stage

to establish deeply and firmly, often making something difficult to change or remove

a serious disagreement between two groups of people (typically producing tension or hostility)

able to have much impact on someone or something

a judgment or calculation of the size, extent, value, etc. of something without knowing the exact details or numbers

having the required quality or ability for doing something

showing a variety of distinct types or qualities

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

having great importance, often having a significant impact on the outcome of a situation

a specific part or side of something that is worth considering

not praised, appreciated, or respected for one’s achievements

to convey or communicate a message, idea, or emotion to someone effectively

to function in a specific way

the means whereby some act is accomplished

to have a particular quality, attribute, knowledge, or skill

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations

to transfer knowledge, traditions, or skills to another person or group, often to ensure they are preserved or continued

to learn to perform or use a skill or ability thoroughly and completely

a great enthusiasm directed toward achieving something

the quality or condition of being new, recently made, harvested, or experienced

the act of communicating or working together with someone or something

a stage in a process or a grade in a scale

involving or done by two or more parties working together toward a shared goal

much less

the process or activity of exchanging information or expressing feelings, thoughts, or ideas by speaking, writing, etc.

to quickly grow in a successful way

causing a negative consequence or cost to someone or something in order to benefit another

a group of people, often with something in common

not welcoming or willing to do something because it is undesirable

a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

to explain something by providing examples, doing experiments, etc.

to deal with a situation or problem successfully

to cause disorder or disturbance in something that was previously orderly or calm

impacting or involving a wide and diverse group of people

to provide conditions or opportunities that help someone or something succeed

to apply or utilize a device, tool, or method for a specific purpose

the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

suitable or acceptable for a given situation or purpose

something that is a sign of another thing

to present and emphasize reasons against a particular idea or suggestion

the result obtained when one quantity considered in relation to the whole

a belief about what is likely to happen in the future, often based on previous experiences or desires

having no distinctive charactristics

(of a person or area) facing challenging circumstances, especially financially or socially

the details about someone's family, experience, education, etc.

an opinion or feeling that one has about someone or something, particularly one formed unconsciously

(of a person) showing a lack of confidence and having doubts about something

(of an activity) making one feel satisfied by giving one a desirable outcome

to gain skills or knowledge in something

something that is given or regarded as more important than others

to succeed in reaching a goal, after hard work

a study that combines and examines the results of many separate studies on the same topic to find overall patterns or conclusions

related to an education theory that says learners build their own understanding and knowledge through active experience, reflection, and interaction with others.