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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Mathématiques et Mesure

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur les mathématiques et les mesures, tels que "ampère", "hertz", "cheval-vapeur", etc., nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
watt
watt
[nom]

(physics) the unit used to measure power, equal to one joule of energy used per second

watt

watt

Ex: The microwave oven operates at 1,000 watts to heat food quickly. 
volt
volt
[nom]

(physics) the unit used to measure electrical potential difference, or the force that pushes electric current through a circuit

volt

volt

Ex: The wall outlet in most homes supplies about 120 volts in the United States. 
rpm
rpm
[nom]

a unit for measuring the speed of an engine, a computer hard drive, etc.

tr/min

tr/min

karat
karat
[nom]

a unit to measure the purity of gold, the purest gold being 24 karats

carat

carat

Ex: Heirloom pieces often contain 22 karat gold, which has a higher purity level and a richer yellow hue compared to lower karat values. 

Les pièces anciennes contiennent souvent de l'or carat 22, qui a un niveau de pureté plus élevé et une teinte jaune plus riche par rapport aux valeurs de carat inférieures.

fluid ounce

a unit of volume used in the United States to measure liquids, equal to approximately 29.5735 milliliters

once liquide

once liquide

hertz
hertz
[nom]

(physics) the unit used to measure frequency, equal to one cycle per second

hertz

hertz

Ex: A sound wave with a frequency of 440 hertz produces the musical note A. 
horsepower

a unit for measuring an engine's power

cheval-vapeur

cheval-vapeur

Ex: The term "horsepower" originated in the 18th century when James Watt measured the power of steam engines by comparing them to the work done by horses. 
pint
pint
[nom]

a United States unit of liquid volume equal to 16 fluid ounces or about 473 milliliters

pinte

pinte

Ex: The recipe calls for one pint of cream. 
cube
cube
[nom]

the result of multiplying a number by itself three times

racine cubique

racine cubique

Ex: Students practiced finding the cube of each integer. 

Les étudiants ont pratiqué la recherche du cube de chaque entier.

square
square
[nom]

(mathematics) the product of a number multiplied by itself

carré

carré

Ex: She calculated the square of 7 and got 49. 
square root

a number that produces a particular number when multiplied by itself

racine carrée

racine carrée

variable

(mathematics) a quantity that is capable of assuming different values in a calculation

variable

variable

Ex: Variables are used to express relationships between unknowns and constants in mathematical equations. 
tape measure

a flexible measuring tool consisting of a long strip of metal, cloth, or plastic with measurement markings, used to measure lengths and distances accurately

mètre ruban

mètre ruban

Ex: She checked the dimensions of the room with a tape measure before buying new furniture. 

Elle a vérifié les dimensions de la pièce avec un mètre ruban avant d'acheter de nouveaux meubles.

array
array
[nom]

an arrangement of numbers, symbols, or values in rows, columns, or another systematic pattern

tableau

tableau

Ex: Sarah organized the values into a three-by-four array. 
axis
axis
[nom]

the central point or line around which an object turns

axe

axe

Ex: The fan blades rotated smoothly around their axis. 

Les pales du ventilateur tournaient doucement autour de leur axe.

calculus

the branch of mathematics that comprises differentials and integrals

calcul infinitésimal, analyse mathématique

calcul infinitésimal, analyse mathématique

Ex: Students often study calculus to understand rates of change. 

Les étudiants étudient souvent le calcul pour comprendre les taux de changement.

denominator

(mathematics) the bottom number of a fraction, which shows the total number of equal parts the whole is divided into

dénominateur

dénominateur

Ex: To add fractions, the denominators must be the same. 
numerator

(mathematics) the top number of a fraction, which represents how many parts are being considered

numérateur

numérateur

Ex: Multiply the numerator by 2 to double the fraction's value. 
common denominator

(mathematics) a shared multiple of the bottom numbers of two or more fractions

dénominateur commun

dénominateur commun

Ex: The least common denominator of 3/4 and 5/6 is 12. 
chaos theory

(mathematics) an interdisciplinary theory about complex systems that obey particular laws but appear to have little or no order

théorie du chaos

théorie du chaos

Ex: Weather forecasting often uses chaos theory to model unpredictable weather patterns. 

Les prévisions météorologiques utilisent souvent la théorie du chaos pour modéliser les schémas météorologiques imprévisibles.

game theory

a branch of mathematics that studies the strategies of dealing with competitive situations involving conflict of interests, especially in business, war, etc.

théorie des jeux

théorie des jeux

Ex: In negotiations, game theory can reveal the best tactics to use. 

Dans les négociations, la théorie des jeux peut révéler les meilleures tactiques à utiliser.

coordinate

any set of numbers that represents an exact position on a map or graph

coordonnée

coordonnée

Ex: Plot the point at coordinates (3, -2) on the grid. 
gradient

the rate at which a quantity or dimension changes over a given distance or interval

gradient

gradient

Ex: A high gradient in the data indicates rapid change. 

Un gradient élevé dans les données indique un changement rapide.

prime number

a number greater than 1 with only two devisors which can be itself or 1

nombre premier

nombre premier

Ex: Cryptography relies on the properties of prime numbers for secure encryption. 

La cryptographie repose sur les propriétés des nombres premiers pour un chiffrement sécurisé.

cardinal number

a number indicating the quantity and not order

nombre cardinal

nombre cardinal

irrational number

a number incapable of being expressed as a ratio of two integers

nombre irrationnel

nombre irrationnel

Ex: The decimal form of an irrational number goes on forever without repeating. 

La forme décimale d'un nombre irrationnel continue indéfiniment sans se répéter.

rational number

a number that can be written as a fraction, where both the top and bottom are whole numbers, and the bottom is not zero

nombre rationnel

nombre rationnel

Ex: The decimal 0.5 is a rational number because it can be converted to the fraction 1/2, with 1 and 2 being integers. 

Le décimal 0,5 est un nombre rationnel car il peut être converti en fraction 1/2, avec 1 et 2 étant des entiers.

mean
mean
[nom]

(mathematics) the average value of a set of quantities calculated by adding them, and dividing them by the total number of the quantities

moyenne

moyenne

Ex: If the mean of a set of numbers is 10, their average value is 10. 
perimeter

the total length of the external boundary of something

périmètre

périmètre

Ex: In her math homework, she had to calculate the perimeter of various shapes, including triangles, squares, and pentagons. 

Dans ses devoirs de mathématiques, elle a dû calculer le périmètre de diverses formes, y compris des triangles, des carrés et des pentagones.

tangent
tangent
[nom]

(mathematics) the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent side of a triangle that has one angle of 90°

tangente

tangente

Ex: When the sun is setting, you can use the tangent to figure out the angle the sun makes with the horizon. 

Lorsque le soleil se couche, vous pouvez utiliser la tangente pour déterminer l'angle que fait le soleil avec l'horizon.

sine
sine
[nom]

(mathematics) the ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the length of the hypotenuse

sinus

sinus

Ex: To find the sine, divide the opposite side by the hypotenuse. 
cosine
cosine
[nom]

(mathematics) the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse

cosinus

cosinus

Ex: To find the cosine, divide the adjacent side by the hypotenuse. 
cotangent

the ratio of the side adjacent to a particular acute angle to the side opposite the angle, in a right-angled triangle

cotangente

cotangente

foot per second

a unit of measurement used to determine the speed or velocity of something

m/s

m/s

ampere
ampere
[nom]

the unit of electric current, symbolized as "A" in the International System of Units

ampère

ampère

Ex: Electrical appliances typically include a label indicating the amount of current they draw, measured in amperes. 

Les appareils électriques comportent généralement une étiquette indiquant la quantité de courant qu'ils consomment, mesurée en ampères.

kilometers per hour

a unit of measurement used to express speed or velocity in the metric system, representing the distance traveled in kilometers over the course of one hour

kilomètres par heure, km/h

kilomètres par heure, km/h

Ex: Speed limits are usually given in kilometers per hour in Europe. 

Les limites de vitesse sont généralement données en kilomètres par heure en Europe.

centiliter

a metric unit equal to 1/100th of a liter

centilitre

centilitre

Ex: According to the recipe, the cake batter requires mixing flour with 150 centiliters of milk. 

Selon la recette, la pâte à gâteau nécessite de mélanger la farine avec 150 centilitres de lait.

degree Celsius

a temperature scale where 0°C represents the freezing point and 100°C represents the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure

degré Celsius

degré Celsius

Ex: The average human body temperature is around 37 degrees Celsius. 

La température moyenne du corps humain est d'environ 37 degrés Celsius.

pound
pound
[nom]

a unit for measuring weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.454 kilograms

pound

pound

Ex: The fisherman proudly displayed his catch of the day, weighing over 20 pounds. 
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